tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-16130698717174093052024-03-13T13:46:49.814-07:00My Blogsebagai referensi dan media hiburanMr. Ghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05376997353450643915noreply@blogger.comBlogger4125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1613069871717409305.post-28424461942848030842012-01-22T22:00:00.000-08:002012-01-22T22:00:02.660-08:00Galeri Photo ku<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyIArTSXTh4yj3c-1jo3g0V9evwZegfd-qHlvF-rogH-o6CU_hKWYBQrp6E80a_HZcRFbp6uxaXEu7QI4bu5CP5yek9f6JIpdZGa5leziWFQmg0XyzOS-xgWiHcDlems_AhAAvZJ74pa0/s1600/21012012%2528042%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyIArTSXTh4yj3c-1jo3g0V9evwZegfd-qHlvF-rogH-o6CU_hKWYBQrp6E80a_HZcRFbp6uxaXEu7QI4bu5CP5yek9f6JIpdZGa5leziWFQmg0XyzOS-xgWiHcDlems_AhAAvZJ74pa0/s200/21012012%2528042%2529.jpg" width="200" /></a> 1. Hmmmm lezaaatt....<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPwbYZrnNAUBWhxvN14PooxSLB7e6ncbat-RWCpUyzGtcRcePmO83mv0ry1DnVo3pC9UW7qwFzwcJ_vIOWLAPOAufls8d29QOY9U21sD62pVPTHcS83sjMf1NPrSGZa6ay_6r3uTT24D0/s1600/21012012%2528074%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPwbYZrnNAUBWhxvN14PooxSLB7e6ncbat-RWCpUyzGtcRcePmO83mv0ry1DnVo3pC9UW7qwFzwcJ_vIOWLAPOAufls8d29QOY9U21sD62pVPTHcS83sjMf1NPrSGZa6ay_6r3uTT24D0/s200/21012012%2528074%2529.jpg" width="200" /></a> <br />
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2. keren lah disini<br />
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3. siapa ini eee???? <br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9U0YPPDv8aliRZWSnoeX7eBvH7KuVtyV5Z5YWy2kbxk3R8vtGCiptsBLihOcob6BADcLHWtYSRWnJ4EnI2I50I4gUoi0ULpdOnreWMZUJpgmAgBukP0E5gfOA4KWv64I3jKxQ5AgVBYY/s1600/21012012%2528078%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9U0YPPDv8aliRZWSnoeX7eBvH7KuVtyV5Z5YWy2kbxk3R8vtGCiptsBLihOcob6BADcLHWtYSRWnJ4EnI2I50I4gUoi0ULpdOnreWMZUJpgmAgBukP0E5gfOA4KWv64I3jKxQ5AgVBYY/s200/21012012%2528078%2529.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div></div>Mr. Ghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05376997353450643915noreply@blogger.comPalu, Indonesia-0.898583 119.85060099999998-0.9736085 119.71773099999999 -0.8235575 119.98347099999998tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1613069871717409305.post-48753322485969435832011-12-15T10:17:00.001-08:002011-12-15T10:17:58.694-08:00Mengenal Gelombang Laut, Jenis-jenis Dan Manfaatnya<h2 class="post-title entry-title"> <a href="http://wahw33d.blogspot.com/2011/01/mengenal-gelombang-laut-jenis-jenis-dan.html">Mengenal Gelombang Laut, Jenis-jenis Dan Manfaatnya</a> </h2><div class="post-body entry-content"> <div style="float: right; margin: 0pt 0pt 10px 10px; text-align: center;"> <br />
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<a href="http://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwahw33d.blogspot.com%2F2011%2F01%2Fmengenal-gelombang-laut-jenis-jenis-dan.html&t=Mengenal%20Gelombang%20Laut%2C%20Jenis-jenis%20Dan%20Manfaatnya%20%7C%20kumpulan%20aneka%20artikel%20%27n%20tips%20menarik&src=sp" name="fb_share" style="text-decoration: none;" title="Share on Facebook" type="box_count"><span class="fb_share_size_Small fb_share_count_wrapper"><span></span><span class="fb_share_count_nub_top fb_share_no_count"></span><span class="fb_share_count fb_share_no_count fb_share_count_top"><span class="fb_share_count_inner"> </span></span><span class="FBConnectButton FBConnectButton_Small" style="cursor: pointer;"><span class="FBConnectButton_Text">Share</span></span></span></a> </div><div style="font-family: inherit; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="" name="more"></a>Gelombang / ombak yang terjadi di lautan dapat diklasifikasikan menjadi beberapa macam tergantung kepada gaya pembangkitnya. Pembangkit gelombang laut dapat disebabkan oleh: angin (gelombang angin), gaya tarik menarik bumi-bulan-matahari (gelombang pasang-surut), gempa (vulkanik atau tektonik) di dasar laut (gelombang tsunami), ataupun gelombang yang disebabkan oleh gerakan kapal. <br />
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<img alt="" border="0" src="http://www.environmentalgraffiti.com/sites/default/files/images/iStock_000000139141XSmall.preview.jpg" /><br />
Gelombang yang sehari-hari terjadi dan diperhitungkan dalam bidang teknik pantai adalah gelombang angin dan pasang-surut (pasut).</span> </div><div style="font-family: inherit;"> </div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></span><div style="font-family: inherit; text-align: justify;"> </div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="" border="1" height="253" src="http://hanafi.blog.uns.ac.id/files/2010/04/rayleigh.gif" style="font-family: inherit;" width="450" /></span> <div style="font-family: inherit; text-align: justify;"> </div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></span><div style="font-family: inherit; text-align: justify;"> </div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Energi gelombang akan membangkitkan arus dan mempengaruhi pergerakan sedimen dalam arah tegak lurus pantai (cross-shore) dan sejajar pantai (longshore). Pada perencanaan teknis bidang teknik pantai, gelombang merupakan faktor utama yang diperhitungkan karena akan menyebabkan gaya-gaya yang bekerja pada bangunan pantai.</span></span><div style="font-family: inherit; text-align: justify;"> </div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></span><div style="font-family: inherit; text-align: justify;"> </div><h2 style="font-family: inherit; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Apa Itu Gelombang Laut ?</span></h2><div style="font-family: inherit; text-align: justify;"> </div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Gelombang adalah pergerakan naik dan turunnya air dengan arah tegak lurus permukaan air laut yang membentuk kurva/grafik sinusoidal. Gelombang laut disebabkan oleh angin. </span><br style="font-family: inherit;" /><br style="font-family: inherit;" /><img alt="" border="0" height="194" src="http://faiqun.edublogs.org/files/2008/04/bevwave.gif" style="font-family: inherit;" width="300" /><br style="font-family: inherit;" /><span style="font-family: inherit;"> Angin di atas lautan mentransfer energinya ke perairan, menyebabkan riak-riak, alun / bukit, dan berubah menjadi apa yang kita sebut sebagai gelombang. Dalam bidang oseanografi, Ombak dikenal sebagai gelombang dalam (internal wave). </span><br style="font-family: inherit;" /><br style="font-family: inherit;" /><span style="font-family: inherit;"> Fenomena ini juga ada dalam bidang meteorologi, dimana gelombang menjalar pada lapisan antar muka antara udara yang hangat dan dingin. Para ahli meteorologi lebih banyak berkecimpung dengan fluida dalam bentuk gas yaitu atmosfer, sedangkan para ahli oseanografi lebih banyak berkecimpung dengan fluida dalam bentuk cair yaitu air laut.</span></span> <div style="font-family: inherit; text-align: justify;"> </div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></span><div style="font-family: inherit; text-align: justify;"> </div><h2 style="font-family: inherit; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Mekanisme Terjadinya Gelombang Laut</span></h2><div style="font-family: inherit; text-align: justify;"> </div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="" border="1" height="167" src="http://faiqun.edublogs.org/files/2008/04/wave-animation.gif" style="font-family: inherit;" width="350" /></span><div style="font-family: inherit; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: x-small;"><br />
</span> </div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Amati gerak pelampung di dalam gambar animasi gelombang di atas. Perhatikan bahwa sebenarnya pelampung bergerak dalam suatu lingkaran (orbital) ketika gelombang bergerak naik dan turun. </span><br style="font-family: inherit;" /><br style="font-family: inherit;" /><span style="font-family: inherit;"> Partikel air berada dalam satu tempat, bergerak di suatu lingkaran, naik dan turun dengan suatu gerakan kecil dari sisi satu kembali ke sisi semula. Gerakan ini memberi gambaran suatu bentuk gelombang. Pelampung yang mengapung di air pindah ke pola yang sama, naik turun di suatu lingkaran yang lambat, yang dibawa oleh pergerakan air.</span><br style="font-family: inherit;" /><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></span> <div style="font-family: inherit; text-align: justify;"> </div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="" border="1" height="163" src="http://faiqun.edublogs.org/files/2008/04/wave_animation1.gif" style="font-family: inherit;" width="350" /></span> <div style="font-family: inherit; text-align: justify;"> </div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></span><div style="font-family: inherit; text-align: justify;"> </div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Di bawah permukaan, gerakan berputar gelombang itu semakin mengecil. Ada gerak orbital yang mengecil seiring dengan kedalaman air, sehingga kemudian di dasar hanya akan meninggalkan suatu gerakan kecil mendatar dari sisi ke sisi yang disebut “surge” .</span><br style="font-family: inherit;" /><br style="font-family: inherit;" /><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></span> <div style="font-family: inherit; text-align: justify;"> </div><h2 style="font-family: inherit; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Pergerakan Perjalanan Gelombang Menuju Pantai</span></h2><div style="font-family: inherit; text-align: justify;"> </div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Ketinggian dan periode gelombang tergantung kepada panjang fetch pembangkitannya. Fetch adalah jarak perjalanan tempuh gelombang dari awal pembangkitannya. Fetch ini dibatasi oleh bentuk daratan yang mengelilingi laut. Semakin panjang jarak fetchnya, ketinggian gelombangnya akan semakin besar. </span><br style="font-family: inherit;" /><br style="font-family: inherit;" /><img alt="" border="1" height="201" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwAHmxomCXFYI73eqSXSazEgxtCn9Vc7-CRTFyiS-AJ60WomewcI36AfiJmuz6UNMWSbRaH9EJj6JSXvaMslMb8ReRc0hFNOxeN8YfOGQq-7q-eV9wFHX1HRD2ODOk6bZ5AnerXXQiyyjz/s640/waves-breaking.gif" style="font-family: inherit;" width="450" /><br style="font-family: inherit;" /><span style="font-family: inherit;"> Angin juga mempunyai pengaruh yang penting pada ketinggian gelombang. Angin yang lebih kuat akan menghasilkan gelombang yang lebih besar. Gelombang yang menjalar dari laut dalam (deep water) menuju ke pantai akan mengalami perubahan bentuk karena adanya perubahan kedalaman laut. </span><br style="font-family: inherit;" /><br style="font-family: inherit;" /><span style="font-family: inherit;"> Apabila gelombang bergerak mendekati pantai, pergerakan gelombang di bagian bawah yang berbatasan dengan dasar laut akan melambat. Ini adalah akibat dari friksi/gesekan antara air dan dasar pantai. </span><br style="font-family: inherit;" /><br style="font-family: inherit;" /><span style="font-family: inherit;"> Sementara itu, bagian atas gelombang di permukaan air akan terus melaju. Semakin menuju ke pantai, puncak gelombang akan semakin tajam dan lembahnya akan semakin datar. Fenomena ini yang menyebabkan gelombang tersebut kemudian pecah.</span></span> <div style="font-family: inherit; text-align: justify;"> </div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></span><div style="font-family: inherit; text-align: justify;"> </div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></span><div style="font-family: inherit; text-align: justify;"> </div><h2 style="font-family: inherit; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Tipe gelombang, bila dipandang dari sisi sifat-sifatnya</span></h2><div style="font-family: inherit; text-align: justify;"> </div><h3 style="font-family: inherit; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">1. Gelombang pembangun/pembentuk pantai (Constructive wave)</span></h3><div style="font-family: inherit; text-align: justify;"> </div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="" border="1" height="261" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEijR6qkob4B_PLTJCRH5oHNczTUbPak7E3lmNhbOnrDjyfF-bstA8L8352mHtFlITFAuT9igIg4P2cLU1EFiv4uexB_8EJkQ5R4HSd0GnIUIVBSn5wQZmRPBBwFQ7goGBVUVbe9QQ7ibtH5/s640/waves-constructivewaves.gif" style="font-family: inherit;" width="495" /><br style="font-family: inherit;" /><span style="font-family: inherit;"> Yang termasuk gelombang pembentuk pantai, bercirikan mempunyai ketinggian kecil dan kecepatan rambatnya rendah. Sehingga saat gelombang tersebut pecah di pantai akan mengangkut sedimen (material pantai). </span><br style="font-family: inherit;" /><br style="font-family: inherit;" /><span style="font-family: inherit;"> Material pantai akan tertinggal di pantai (deposit) ketika aliran balik dari gelombang pecah meresap ke dalam pasir atau pelan-pelan mengalir kembali ke laut.</span></span> <div style="font-family: inherit; text-align: justify;"> </div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br style="font-family: inherit;" /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiz8QDAjJLe6jofBgrh3k7DFLH2G5Y7yQA9aqvwqczrSFiQULHgHFed162Imk0zEKI4BbDO6h5Ni4E5s8LjHLscdtGps73gnlKg9R9bEtZ23qEdxhREu1hzdb3Nhb7hB_tlFtddSeQNCuVY/s1600/wave-destructivewaves.gif" style="font-family: inherit;"> </a></span><div style="font-family: inherit; text-align: justify;"> </div><h3 style="font-family: inherit; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">2. Gelombang perusak pantai (Destructive wave)</span></h3><div style="font-family: inherit; text-align: justify;"> </div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><img alt="" border="1" height="261" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiz8QDAjJLe6jofBgrh3k7DFLH2G5Y7yQA9aqvwqczrSFiQULHgHFed162Imk0zEKI4BbDO6h5Ni4E5s8LjHLscdtGps73gnlKg9R9bEtZ23qEdxhREu1hzdb3Nhb7hB_tlFtddSeQNCuVY/s640/wave-destructivewaves.gif" style="font-family: inherit;" width="495" /></span><div style="font-family: inherit; text-align: justify;"> </div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br style="font-family: inherit;" /><span style="font-family: inherit;"> Sedangkan gelombang perusak pantai biasanya mempunyai ketinggian dan kecepatan rambat yang besar (sangat tinggi). Air yang kembali berputar mempunyai lebih sedikit waktu untuk meresap ke dalam pasir. </span><br style="font-family: inherit;" /><br style="font-family: inherit;" /><span style="font-family: inherit;"> Ketika gelombang datang kembali menghantam pantai akan ada banyak volume air yang terkumpul dan mengangkut material pantai menuju ke tengah laut atau ke tempat lain.</span><br style="font-family: inherit;" /><br style="font-family: inherit;" /><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></span> <div style="font-family: inherit; text-align: justify;"> </div><h2 style="font-family: inherit; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Fungsi Luar Biasa Dari Gelombang Laut</span></h2><div style="font-family: inherit; text-align: justify;"> </div><h3 style="font-family: inherit; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">1. Menjaga Kestabilan Suhu Dari Iklim Dunia</span></h3><div style="font-family: inherit; text-align: justify;"> </div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEif4Y3dNb24ajOdRhCm8_smE16KZKWa6R8lEAgqr91na7ABnnTxZv1LgMdHgtceTxLw4qJcWXkWtmgRDt43MbNHkqqfq8AMzbDPBP2Xuyuy3xk6iTij_tdqioZKZdd3vl7299iRf3Lw3FMl/s1600/1.jpg" style="font-family: inherit;"><img alt="" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEif4Y3dNb24ajOdRhCm8_smE16KZKWa6R8lEAgqr91na7ABnnTxZv1LgMdHgtceTxLw4qJcWXkWtmgRDt43MbNHkqqfq8AMzbDPBP2Xuyuy3xk6iTij_tdqioZKZdd3vl7299iRf3Lw3FMl/s640/1.jpg" /></a></span><div style="font-family: inherit; text-align: justify;"> </div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></span><div style="font-family: inherit; text-align: justify;"> </div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Jelas bahwa ombak lautan tidak dapat terjadi tanpa angin. Mula-mula menyebabkan riak di permukaan laut dan kemudian gelombang, Gelombang membantu meminimalkan suhu ekstrem di planet ini, memindahkan air dingin dari kutub, sementara pada saat yang sama bergerak air hangat dari khatulistiwa ke arah yang dingin.</span></span><div style="font-family: inherit; text-align: justify;"> </div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></span><div style="font-family: inherit; text-align: justify;"> </div><h3 style="font-family: inherit; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">2. Melalui Permukaan Ombak, Terjadi Pertukaran Gas</span></h3><div style="font-family: inherit; text-align: justify;"> </div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjc5gEbSCYev4qkzg_oriHZbcrSnKkR3N6FsVZR1ED7iGOaHd6QkNE7q6b5DUOnnm31wUkfvp4GGxuDsrTpswpwAxscQh8vL4EBKT-LVv41xhPCSFPzNiEeSBR4zL6I5s344fVEQHEC4Swy/s1600/2.jpg" style="font-family: inherit;"><img alt="" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjc5gEbSCYev4qkzg_oriHZbcrSnKkR3N6FsVZR1ED7iGOaHd6QkNE7q6b5DUOnnm31wUkfvp4GGxuDsrTpswpwAxscQh8vL4EBKT-LVv41xhPCSFPzNiEeSBR4zL6I5s344fVEQHEC4Swy/s640/2.jpg" /></a></span><div style="font-family: inherit; text-align: justify;"> </div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></span><div style="font-family: inherit; text-align: justify;"> </div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Di permukaan gelombang laut, pertukaran gas terjadi dimana oksigen keluar dan karbon dioksida masuk ke dalam permukaan gelombang laut tersebut</span><br style="font-family: inherit;" /><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></span><div style="font-family: inherit; text-align: justify;"> </div><h3 style="font-family: inherit; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">3. Meningkatkan kemampuan adaptasi dan kekuatan dari Makhluk hidup</span></h3><div style="font-family: inherit; text-align: justify;"> </div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgA8P9zGZq03nM49JjVnNju1Z-uG5uOyXkUvZouc4xw9ZsLGLaS4_RC2HkZrdJxzKq4nbVxAM8_MwQEexw-LVbN2Gc1vxESINpcuJ6lmbujcy9lV2stmXPyZAsHfCS-L7ful9mAKVtIxb0g/s1600/3.jpg" style="font-family: inherit;"><img alt="" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgA8P9zGZq03nM49JjVnNju1Z-uG5uOyXkUvZouc4xw9ZsLGLaS4_RC2HkZrdJxzKq4nbVxAM8_MwQEexw-LVbN2Gc1vxESINpcuJ6lmbujcy9lV2stmXPyZAsHfCS-L7ful9mAKVtIxb0g/s640/3.jpg" /></a></span><div style="font-family: inherit; text-align: justify;"> </div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></span><div style="font-family: inherit; text-align: justify;"> </div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Karena gelombang pecah di pantai, makhluk yang ada di laut harus lebih kuat dan lebih beradaptasi untuk bertahan tidak terbawa oleh ombak ke pantai. Tanpa gelombang, tidak akan ada sebagian spesies yang hidup di laut.</span><br style="font-family: inherit;" /><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></span><div style="font-family: inherit; text-align: justify;"> </div><h3 style="font-family: inherit; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">4. Meningkatkan Adanya Keanekaragaman Hayati</span></h3><div style="font-family: inherit; text-align: justify;"> </div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSEeupvFvFImCwpSCM9MbIragBY4J5s2PnuyB0HVCDczjWw6-9lBJpHkV9t_1VfoKnRun3LRjCf8-K7MxN8IvZ91aHvb8KkLhVCl2vUuDUIPyFk2YU38eBtS-8fN5Cfc8czbVb9Gsd9BAX/s1600/4.jpg" style="font-family: inherit;"><img alt="" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiSEeupvFvFImCwpSCM9MbIragBY4J5s2PnuyB0HVCDczjWw6-9lBJpHkV9t_1VfoKnRun3LRjCf8-K7MxN8IvZ91aHvb8KkLhVCl2vUuDUIPyFk2YU38eBtS-8fN5Cfc8czbVb9Gsd9BAX/s640/4.jpg" /></a></span><div style="font-family: inherit; text-align: justify;"> </div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></span><div style="font-family: inherit; text-align: justify;"> </div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Gelombang laut yang disebabkan oleh angin dan ombak memungkinkan penghuni laut agar larva/telur mereka diangkut dengan jarak yang jauh, sehingga muncul spesies baru dari hasil evolusi dan adaptasi dari makhluk laut yang terbawa gelombak laut tersebut</span></span><div style="font-family: inherit; text-align: justify;"> </div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></span><div style="font-family: inherit; text-align: justify;"> </div><h3 style="font-family: inherit; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">5. Gelombang Laut Membantu Adanya Hubungan Simbiosis Mutualisme </span></h3><div style="font-family: inherit; text-align: justify;"> </div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiAvH6pHeHRCNpZMXxrxT0qhG5BamjHoZm5KTA_qpCfCMtWGsVg3JlyoVjGii09L9oRkMTTOA23Y5LzdNICELmk3q3kcWOuD5JlIU6yL8SiGcigTGOGf3aaehVApN21k-3TGNRXkboNhgT/s1600/5.jpg" style="font-family: inherit;"><img alt="" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiiAvH6pHeHRCNpZMXxrxT0qhG5BamjHoZm5KTA_qpCfCMtWGsVg3JlyoVjGii09L9oRkMTTOA23Y5LzdNICELmk3q3kcWOuD5JlIU6yL8SiGcigTGOGf3aaehVApN21k-3TGNRXkboNhgT/s640/5.jpg" /></a></span><div style="font-family: inherit; text-align: justify;"> </div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></span><div style="font-family: inherit; text-align: justify;"> </div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Sementara gelombang Laut yang mengikis karang dengan terus menerjang pada mereka, organisme laut telah beradaptasi dengan ini dan menempel ke karang-karag tersebut sehingga disini membantu adanya penundaan pengikisan batu karang tersebut dalam hal ini terjadi hubungan simbiosis sejati.</span></span><div style="font-family: inherit; text-align: justify;"> </div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></span><div style="font-family: inherit; text-align: justify;"> </div><h3 style="font-family: inherit; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">6. Gelombang Laut Membantu Membuat Pantai</span></h3><div style="font-family: inherit; text-align: justify;"> </div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgH4KVOSpwdOZL0B1kDc8GJMCs_7LhZpZMHWN4TLYBwFPeKnr5JUlc1p_BB44HrGXTekonxTYM9Z4LOv4xqXZCa7ng7SjYYa2uj4d7GFjYYZQY4kPJHUw7IgbFwKQHIeEmY7k_C6_Ffh98t/s1600/6.jpg" style="font-family: inherit;"><img alt="" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgH4KVOSpwdOZL0B1kDc8GJMCs_7LhZpZMHWN4TLYBwFPeKnr5JUlc1p_BB44HrGXTekonxTYM9Z4LOv4xqXZCa7ng7SjYYa2uj4d7GFjYYZQY4kPJHUw7IgbFwKQHIeEmY7k_C6_Ffh98t/s640/6.jpg" /></a></span><div style="font-family: inherit; text-align: justify;"> </div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></span><div style="font-family: inherit; text-align: justify;"> </div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Pantai diciptakan oleh pasir yang dibawa naik dari dasar laut oleh ombak, yang juga mencuci pasir dan dibersihkan. Pasir diaduk dan tersuspensi dalam air yang memungkinkan untuk diangkut ke pantai oleh ombak.</span></span><div style="font-family: inherit; text-align: justify;"> </div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></span><div style="font-family: inherit; text-align: justify;"> </div><h2 style="font-family: inherit; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Gelombang Laut Yang Dashyat (Tsunami)</span></h2><div style="font-family: inherit; text-align: justify;"> </div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNP52ObN3RMN2WcD67SDmRahSh0CkexSy15je9gyzj8wzFm8MX-FEkQjD3jIdCivzpzdqMUOsl1ETBQLRLbxRJmJYeGGTOa3AmZFBTMSHocm837qjfXG14jR3kAXDhSckqQYPM3V1hFIim/s1600/tsunami.jpg" style="font-family: inherit;"><img alt="" border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNP52ObN3RMN2WcD67SDmRahSh0CkexSy15je9gyzj8wzFm8MX-FEkQjD3jIdCivzpzdqMUOsl1ETBQLRLbxRJmJYeGGTOa3AmZFBTMSHocm837qjfXG14jR3kAXDhSckqQYPM3V1hFIim/s640/tsunami.jpg" /></a></span><div style="font-family: inherit; text-align: justify;"> </div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"> </span></span><div style="font-family: inherit; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: x-small;">Tsunami (bahasa Jepang: tsu = pelabuhan, nami = gelombang, secara harafiah berarti "ombak besar di pelabuhan") adalah perpindahan badan air yang disebabkan oleh perubahan permukaan laut secara vertikal dengan tiba-tiba.</span></div><div style="font-family: inherit; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span></div></div><br />
sumber : <a href="http://wahw33d.blogspot.com/2011/01/mengenal-gelombang-laut-jenis-jenis-dan.html#ixzz1gd1O61yb" style="color: #003399;">http://wahw33d.blogspot.com/2011/01/mengenal-gelombang-laut-jenis-jenis-dan.html#ixzz1gd1O61yb</a>Mr. Ghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05376997353450643915noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1613069871717409305.post-58786204079210242092011-12-01T10:34:00.000-08:002011-12-01T10:34:17.300-08:00Klimatologi "angin dan jenis - jenis angin serta penggolongannya"<!--[if !mso]> <style>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">BAB I</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">LATAR BELAKANG</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>Meskipun pada kenyataan angin tidak dapat dilihat bagaimana wujudnya, namun masih dapat diketahui keberadaannya melalui efek yang ditimbulkan pada benda – benda yang mendapat hembusan angin. Seperti ketika kita melihat dahan – dahan pohon bergerak atau bendera yang berkibar kita tahu bahwa ada angin yang berhembus. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Hukum gerak menyatakan bahwa sebuah benda yang dalam keadaan diam akan bergerak akan tetap bertahan pada keadaannya. Kecuali ada gaya dari luar yang bekerja terhadap benda tersebut, Oleh karena itunya udara yang tenang akan kembali menjadi (angin) bila ada gaya yang bekerja diatmosfer yang menyebabkan terjadinya keadaan tidak seimbang (Handoko,1999).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Angin yang tidak menguntungkan<i> </i>bagi pertanian adalah <i>angin fohn</i>, karena dapat melayukan tanaman. Angin fohn terjadi karena udara yang mengandung uap air membentur pengunungan atau gunung yang tinggi, sehingga naik. Makin ke atas, suhu makin dingin dan terjadilah kondensasi yang selanjutnya terbentuk titik-titik air. Titik-titik air itu kemudian jatuh sebagai hujan sebelum mencapai puncak pada lereng pertama. Angin terus bergerak menuju puncak, kemudian jatuh pada lereng berikutnya sampai kelembah. Karena sudah menjatuhkan hujan maka angin yang menuruni lereng ini bersifat kering. Akibat cepatnya gerakan menuruni lereng, angin menjadi pasang sehingga angin fohn memiliki sifat menurun, kering, dan panas (Wahyuningsih,2004).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Massa udara yang bergerak disebut angin. </span><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Angin dapat bergerak secara horizontal maupun secara vertikal dengan kecepatan yang bervariasi dan berfluktuasi secara dinamis. Faktor pendorong bergeraknya massa udara adalah perbedaan tekanan udara antara satu tempat dengan tempat yang lain. Angin selalu bertiup dari tempat dengan tekanan udara tinggi ke yang tekanan udara lebih rendah. Jika tidak ada gaya lain yang mempengaruhi, maka angin akan bergerak secara langsung dari udara bertekanan tinggi ke udara bertekanan rendah. Akan tetapi, perputaran bumi pada sumbunya, akan menimbulkan gaya yang akan mempengaruhi arah pergerakan angin. Pengaruh perputaran bumi terhadap arah angin disebut pengaruh Coriolis (Lakitan,2002).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Variasi arah dan kecepatan angin dapat terjadi jika angin bergeser dengan permukaan yang licin (smooth), variasi yang diakibatkan oleh kekasaran permukan disebut turbulensi mekanis. Turbulensi daat pula terjadi pada saat udara panas pada permukaan bergerak ke atas secara vertikal, kaena adanya resistensi dari lapisan udara di atasnya. Turbulensi yang disebabkan perbedaan suhu lapisan atmosfer ini disebut turbulensi termal atau kadang disebut turbulensi konfektif. Fluktuasi kecepatan angin akibat turbulensi mekanis umumnya lebih kecil tetapi frekuensinya lebih tinggi (lebih cepat) dibandingkan dengan fluktuasi akibat turbulensi termal (Karim,1985).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Angin adalah udara yang bergerak dari satu tempat ketempat lainnya. Angin berhembus dikarenakan beberapa bagian bumi mendapat lebih banyak panas matahari dibandingkan tempat lain. Permukaan tanah yang panas mambuat suhu udara diatasnya naik. Akibatnya udara yang naik mengembang dan menjadi lebih ringan. Karena lebih ringan dibandingkan udara sekitarnya, udara akan naik. Begitu udara panas tadi naik, tempatnya akan segera digantikan oleh udara sekitar terutama udara dari atas yang lebih dingin dan berat. Proses ini terjadi terus-menerus, akibatnya kita bisa merasakan adanya pergerakan udara atau yang disebut angin (Nasir, 1990).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Tekanan udara adalah tekanan yang diberikan oleh udara karena beratnya kepada setiap bidang seluas 1 cm<sup>2</sup> yang mendatar dari permukaan bumi. Hal ini dapat dipahami bahwa setiap lapisan udara yang dibawah mendapat tekanan udara dari yang diatasnya. Oleh karena itu lapisan yang dibawah keadaan tegang. Ketegangan itu sangat besar sehingga berat udara yang diatasnya bertahan dalam keadaan seimbang. Tinggi barometer ialah panjang kolom air raksa yang seimbang dengan tekanan udara pada waktu itu (Kensaku, 2002).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: 36pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Hubungan antara tekanan udara dan ketinggian tempat ini dimanfaatkan dalam merancang alat pengukuran ketinggian tempat yang disebut Altimeter. Tekanan udara umumnya menurun sebesar 11 mb untuk setiap bertambahnnya ketinggian tempat sebesar 100 meter. Tekanan udara dipengaruhi oleh suhu, suhu udara didaerah tropis menunjukkan fluktasi musiman yang sangat kecil. Oleh sebab itu dapat dipahami jika tekanan udara dikawasan tropis relatif konstan (Takeda, 2005).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: 36pt;"><br />
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">BAB II</span></b></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">ISI</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">PENGERTIAN ANGIN</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Angin</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> adalah udara yang bergerak yang diakibatkan oleh rotasi bumi dan juga karena adanya perbedaan tekanan udara di sekitarnya. Angin bergerak dari tempat bertekanan udara tinggi ke bertekanan udara rendah.</span></div><div style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span> </span><span>Angin</span> adalah <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udara" title="Udara">udara</a> yang bergerak yang diakibatkan oleh <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotasi" title="Rotasi">rotasi</a> <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumi" title="Bumi">bumi</a> dan juga karena adanya perbedaan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekanan_udara" title="Tekanan udara">tekanan udara</a> di sekitarnya. Angin bergerak dari tempat bertekanan udara tinggi ke bertekanan udara rendah.</div><div style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">Apabila dipanaskan, udara memuai. Udara yang telah memuai menjadi lebih ringan sehingga naik. Apabila hal ini terjadi, tekanan udara turun kerena udaranya berkurang. Udara dingin di sekitarnya mengalir ke tempat yang bertekanan rendah tadi. Udara menyusut menjadi lebih berat dan turun ke tanah. Di atas tanah udara menjadi panas lagi dan naik kembali. Aliran naiknya <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Udara_panas&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Udara panas (halaman belum tersedia)">udara panas</a> dan turunnya <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Udara_dingin&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Udara dingin (halaman belum tersedia)">udara dingin</a> ini dinamanakan <a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konveksi" title="Konveksi">konveksi</a>.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">PROSES TERJADINYA ANGIN</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>Angin terjadi karena adanya perbedaan tekanan udara atau perbedaan suhu udara pada suatu daerah atau wilayah. Hal ini berkaitan dengan besarnya energi panas<span> </span>matahari yang di terima oleh permukaan bumi. Pada suatu wilayah, daerah yang menerima energi panas matahari lebih besar akan mempunyai suhu udara yang lebih panas dan tekanan udara yang cenderung lebih rendah. Sehingga akan terjadi perbedaan suhu dan tekanan udara antara daerah yang menerima energi panas lebih besar dengan daerah lain yang lebih sedikit menerima energi panas, akibatnya akan terjadi aliran udara pada wilayah tersebut.</span></div><div style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">Angin memiliki hubungan yang erat dengan sinar matahari karena daerahyang terkena banyak paparan sinar mentari akan memiliki suhu yang lebih tinggi serta tekanan udara yang lebih rendah dari daerah lain di sekitarnya sehingga menyebabkan terjadinya aliran udara. Angin juga dapat disebabkan oleh pergerakan benda sehingga mendorong udara di sekitarnya untuk bergerak ke tempat lain.</div><div style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">Angin buatan dapat dibuat dengan menggunakan berbagai alat mulai dari yang sederhana hingga yang rumit. Secara sederhana angin dapat kita ciptakan sendiri dengan menggunakan telapak tangan, kipas sate, koran, majalah, dan lain sebagainya dengan cara dikibaskan. Sedangkan secara rumit angin dapat kita buat dengan kipas angin listrik, pengering tangan, hair dryer, pompa ban, dan lain sebagainya. Secara alami kita bisa menggunakan mulut, hidung, lubang dubur, dan sebagainya untuk menciptakan angin.</div><div style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">Udara dapat membawa partikel bau dari suatu zat sehingga angin dapat membawa bau atau aroma mulai dari aroma yang sedap hingga aroma yang tidak sedap di hidung kita. Bau masakan, bau amis, bau laut, bau sampah, bau bensin, bau gas, bau kentut, bau kotoran, dan lain sebagainya adalah beberapa contoh bau yang dapat dibawa angin.</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">FAKTOR TERJADINYA ANGIN</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 1cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Faktor terjadinya angin, yaitu:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">1. Gradien barometris</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Bilangan yang menunjukkan perbedaan tekanan udara dari 2 isobar yang jaraknya 111 km. Makin besar gradien barometrisnya, makin cepat tiupan angin.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2. Letak tempat</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>Kecepatan angin di dekat khatulistiwa lebih cepat dari yang jauh dari garis khatulistiwa.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">3. Tinggi tempat</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>Semakin tinggi tempat, semakin kencang pula angin yang bertiup, hal ini disebabkan oleh pengaruh gaya gesekan yang menghambat laju udara. Di permukaan bumi, gunung, pohon, dan topografi yang tidak rata lainnya memberikan gaya gesekan yang besar. Semakin tinggi suatu tempat, gaya gesekan ini semakin kecil.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">4. Waktu</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>Di siang hari angin bergerak lebih cepat daripada di malam hari</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Salah satu faktor penyebab timbulnya angin adalah adanya gradien tekanan yang timbul karena adanya perbedaan suhu udara. Kuat atau lemahnya hembusan angin ditentukan oleh besarnya kelandaian tekanan udara atau dengan kata lain kecepatan angin sebanding dengan kelandaian tekanan udaranya. Disamping kelandaian tekanan, gerak angin ditentukan oleh faktor-faktor lain seperti pengaruh rotasi bumi dan gaya gesek .Semakin besar perbedaan tekanan udara maka semakin besar pula kecepatan angin berhembus.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Angin secara umum dapat dibagi menjadi beberapa bagian, yaitu :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">1.Angin Geostropik</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Angin yang timbul setelah gaya gradien tekanan dan gaya coriolis mengalami keseimbangan serta paralel terhadap isobar</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-indent: -35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2. Angin Gradien<br />
Angin yang timbul akibat ada pengaruh gaya sentrifugal-sentripetal.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-indent: -35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dimana kenyataan di alam isobar tidak pernah lurus akan tetapi melengkung.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">3.Angin Vertikal</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Angin vertikal timbul karena adanya pengaruh dari gaya gravitasi bumi dan juga gaya gerak udara keatas yang diakibatkan adanya perbedaan tekanan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">ALAT PENGUKUR ANGIN</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Alat alat pengukur angin<span> </span>adalah :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 2"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>¨<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Anemometer, yaitu alat yang mengukur kecepatan angin.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 2"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>¨<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Wind vane, yaitu alat untuk mengetahui arah angin.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Wingdings 2"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>¨<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Windsock, yaitu alat untuk mengetahui arah angin dan memperkirakan besar kecepatan angin. Biasanya ditemukan di bandara – bandara.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><img alt="http://idkf.bogor.net/yuesbi/e-DU.KU/edukasi.net/Fenomena.Alam/Jenis.Angin/image/hal03.jpg" border="0" height="203" src="file:///C:/Users/HP_Mini/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.jpg" width="497" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">JENIS-JENIS ANGIN</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span> </span>Angin dibagi dua :</span></div><ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Angin Lokal</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Angin musim</span></li>
</ol><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span> </span>Pembagian angin lokal dan angin musim :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">1.<b> ANGIN LOKAL</b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">* Angin Laut</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">*Angin Darat</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">* Angin Lembah</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">*Angin Gunung </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">2. <b>ANGIN MUSIM</b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">* Angin Fohn</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">* Angin Munsoon</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">* Angin Musim Barat</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">* Angin Musim Timur </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">JENIS-JENIS ANGIN LOKAL</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">1. <b>Angin laut</b> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>Angin laut adalah angin yang bertiup dari arah laut ke arah darat yang umumnya terjadi pada siang hari dari pukul 09.00 sampai dengan pukul 16.00. Angin ini biasa dimanfaatkan para nelayan untuk pulang dari menangkap ikan di laut.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">2. <b>Angin darat</b> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>Angin darat adalah angin yang bertiup dari arah darat ke arah laut yang umumnya terjadi pada saat malam hari dari jam 20.00 sampai dengan jam 06.00. Angin jenis ini bermanfaat bagi para nelayan untuk berangkat mencari ikan dengan perahu bertenaga angin sederhana</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span> <table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td height="7" width="10"><br />
</td> </tr>
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</td> <td><img height="232" src="file:///C:/Users/HP_Mini/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.jpg" width="490" /></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><br />
</div><br clear="ALL" /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Gambar. Pola angin<span> </span>darat dan<span> </span>angin laut</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">3.<span> Angin lembah</span> </span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>Angin lembah adalah angin yang bertiup dari arah lembah ke arah puncak gunung yang biasa terjadi pada siang hari.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">4 .<span> Angin gunung</span></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>Angin gunung adalah angin yang bertiup dari puncak gunung ke lembah gunung yang terjadi pada malam hari.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">5. Angin Ribut/Puyuh</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>Biasa juga dikenal dengan <b>puting beliung, yaitu</b> angin kencang yang datang secara tiba – tiba, mempunyai pusat, bergerak melingkar seperti spiral hingga menyentuh permukaan bumi dan punah dalam waktu singkat (3 – 5 menit). Kecepatan angin rata – ratanya berkisar antara 30 – 40 knots. Angin ini berasal dari awan Cumulonimbus (Cb) yaitu awan yang bergumpal berwarna abu – abu gelap dan menjulang tinggi. Namun, tidak semua awan Cumulonimbus menimbulkan puting beliung. Puting beliung dapat terjadi dimana saja, di darat maupun di laut dan jika terjadi di laut durasinya lebih lama daripada di darat. Angin ini lebih sering terjadi pada siang atau sore hari, terkadang pada malam hari dan lebih sering terjadi pada peralihan musim (pancaroba). Luas daerah yang terkena dampaknya sekitar 5 – 10 km, karena itu bersifat sangat lokal.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">JENIS-JENIS ANGIN MUSIM</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">1.<b> Angin Fohn</b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>Angin Fohn/angin jatuh adalah angin yang terjadi seusai hujan Orografis. angin yang bertiup pada suatu wilayah dengan temperatur dan kelengasan yang berbeda. Angin Fohn terjadi karena ada gerakan massa udara yang naik pegunungan yang tingginya lebih dari 200 meter di satu sisi lalu turun di sisi lain. Angin Fohn yang jatuh dari puncak gunung bersifat panas dan kering, karena uap air sudah dibuang pada saat hujan Orografis.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>Biasanya angin ini bersifat panas merusak dan dapat menimbulkan korban. Tanaman yang terkena angin ini bisa mati dan manusia yang terkena angin ini bisa turun daya tahan tubuhnya terhada serangan penyakit.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">2.<b> Angin Munsoon</b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>Angin Munsoon, Moonsun, muson adalah angin yang berhembus secara periodik (minimal 3 bulan) dan antara periode yang satu dengan yang lain polanya akan berlawanan yang berganti arah secara berlawanan setiap setengah tahun. Umumnya pada setengah tahun pertama bertiup angin darat yang kering dan setengah tahun berikutnya bertiup angin laut yang basah. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">3 . Angin Musim Barat</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>Angin Musim Barat/Angin Muson Barat adalah angin yang mengalir dari Benua Asia (musim dingin) ke Benua Australia (musim panas) dan mengandung curah hujan yang banyak di Indonesia bagian Barat, hal ini disebabkan karena angin melewati tempat yang luas, seperti perairan dan samudra. Contoh perairan dan samudra yang dilewati adalah Laut China Selatan dan Samudra Hindia. Angin Musim Barat menyebabkan Indonesia mengalami musim hujan. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>Angin ini terjadi pada bulan Desember, januari dan Februari, dan maksimal pada bulan Januari dengan kecepatan minimum 3 m/s.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">4.<b> Angin Musim Timur</b> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>Angin Musim Timur/Angin Muson Timur adalah angin yang mengalir dari Benua Australia (musim dingin) ke Benua Asia (musim panas) sedikit curah hujan (kemarau) di Indonesia bagian Timur karena angin melewati celah- celah sempit dan berbagai gurun (Gibson, Australia Besar, dan Victoria). Ini yang menyebabkan Indonesia mengalami musim kemarau. Terjadi pada bulan Juni, Juli dan Agustus, dan maksimal pada bulan Juli.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">5. <span> </span>Angin Passat</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>Angin passat adalah angin bertiup tetap sepanjang tahun dari daerah subtropik menuju ke daerah ekuator (khatulistiwa). Terdiri dari Angin Passat Timur Laut bertiup di belahan bumi Utara dan Angin Passat Tenggara bertiup di belahan bumi Selatan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>Di sekitar khatulistiwa, kedua angin passat ini bertemu. Karena temperatur di daerah tropis selalu tinggi, maka massa udara tersebut dipaksa naik secara vertikal (konveksi). Daerah pertemuan kedua angin passat tersebut dinamakan Daerah Konvergensi Antar Tropik (DKAT). DKAT ditandai dengan temperatur yang selalu tinggi. Akibat kenaikan massa udara ini, wilayah DKAT terbebas dari adanya angin topan. Akibatnya daerah ini dinamakan daerah doldrum (wilayah tenang).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">6. <span> </span>Angin Anti Passat</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>Udara di atas daerah ekuator yang mengalir ke daerah kutub dan turun di daerah maksimum subtropik merupakan angin Anti Passat. Di belahan bumi Utara disebut Angin Anti Passat Barat Daya dan di belahan bumi Selatan disebut Angin Anti Passat Barat Laut. Pada daerah sekitar lintang 20o - 30o LU dan LS, angin anti passat kembali turun secara vertikal sebagai angin yang kering. Angin kering ini menyerap uap air di udara dan permukaan daratan. Akibatnya, terbentuk gurun di muka bumi, misalnya gurun di Saudi Arabia, Gurun Sahara (Afrika), dan gurun di Australia.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>Di daerah Subtropik (30o – 40o LU/LS) terdapat daerah “teduh subtropik” yang udaranya tenang, turun dari atas, dan tidak ada angin. Sedangkan di daerah ekuator antara 10o LU – 10o LS terdapat juga daerah tenang yang disebut daerah “teduh ekuator” atau “daerah doldrum”</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Gambaran Pola Aliran Angin Global adalah sebagai berikut :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiddbKOedtZFoMl04g2aKlYZkSt23PC7kIkKdot3Tdh763-JlhDbAJZkK_YQEB6x_lpHUDJTvODKq8ofoqrgN825qFV9uXGckQWhVy13onuEHUsaAOrx-TmNQcUrXfwsv_u_aL1QOpdZ9o/s1600/3-sel.jpg"><img border="0" height="286" src="file:///C:/Users/HP_Mini/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image005.jpg" width="320" /></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><br />
</div><br clear="ALL" /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Nah, dari gambar tersebut kita ketahui terdapat tiga sel peredaran angin di muka bumi, yaitu <span>sel Hadley</span> (di ekuator), <span>sel Ferrel</span> (di Lintang Sedang), dan <span>sel Polar</span> (di daerah kutub). Lihat dan amati arah dan pergerakan panah yang menunjukan kemana angin bergerak. Sekarang akan saya jelaskan sedikit mengenai pergerakan udara dari gambar di atas.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> Karena adanya <span>Gradien Tekanan </span>maka angin akan selalu bertiup dari tempat yang memiliki tekanan udara tinggi ke tempat dengan tekanan udara rendah. Sehingga menyebabkan angin bertiup dari Lintang sedang ke daerah Ekuator.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Adanya <span>Efek Coriolis</span> yang menyebabkan angin di belahan bumi utara akan dibelokkan ke kanan dan angin di belahan bumi selatan akan dibelokkan ke arah kiri.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Nah, karena Ekuator adalah tempat bertemunya antara dua buah angin dari LIntang Utara dan Selatan maka kedua angin tersebut akan saling bertumbukan dan akhirnya akan bergerak keatas membentuk hujan yang sering dikenal dengan sebutan <i><span>hujan Zenital.</span></i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Jika kita amati pula pertemuan antara sel Polar dan sel Ferrel juga menyebabkan angin akan bergerak ke arah atas. Nah, di bagian ini selain kita kenal akan menyebabkan <span>Jetstream polar<i> </i></span>selain itu fenomena lain yang dapat terbentuk akibat pertemuan ini adalah terjadinya hujan yang sering disebut <i><span>Hujan Frontal.</span></i></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dari gambar di atas akan saya jelaskan macam-macam angin global yang dapat kita amati, di antaranya :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>o<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Angin Pasat </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">: Angin yang bergerak dari daerah LIntang sedang ke daerah Ekuator</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>o<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Angin Anti Pasat </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">: Angin yang bergerak dari daerah Ekuator ke Lintang Sedang</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 108pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>§<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Angin pasat dan anti pasat dapat kita amati pada sel Hadley</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>o<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Angin Timur</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> : Angin yang bergerak dari Timur Laut ke Barat Daya</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>o<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Angin Barat</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> : Angin yang bergerak dari Barat Laut ke Tenggara</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>7.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">HUBUNGANG ANGIN DAN TEKANAN UDARA</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kecepatan angin adalah kecepatan udara yang bergerak secara horizontal pada ketinggian dua meter diatas tanah. Perbedaan tekanan udara antara asal dan tujuan angin merupakan faktor yang menentukan kecepatan angin. Kecepatan angin akan berbeda pada permukaan yang tertutup oleh vegetasi dengan ketinggian tertentu, misalnya tanaman padi, jagung, dan kedelai. Oleh karena itu, kecepatan angin dipengaruhi oleh karakteristik permukaan yang dilaluinya. Kecepatan angin dapat diukur dengan menggunakan alat yang disebut anemometer. Jenis anemometer yang paling banyak digunakan adalah anemometer mangkok. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Tidak bisa dipungkiri bahwa kecepatan angin akan berpengaruh pada banyak hal. Berikut ini adalah beberapa hal yang terjadi sebagai akibat pengaruh kecepatan angin :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"># BIDANG PERHUBUNGAN</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kecepatan angin sangat mempengaruhi kelancaran jalur penerbangan. Selain kecepatan angin, faktor cuaca dan iklim juga berperan dalam bidang perhubungan terutama untuk transportasi. Selain mempengaruhi kelancaran jalur penerbangan, kecepatan angin juga sangta berpengaruh pada transportasi laut.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"># BIDANG TELEKOMUNIKASI</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Selain faktor iklim dan cuaca, kecepatan angin juga berpengaruh pada bidang telekomunikasi. Kecepatan angin yang merupakan akibat dari proses-proses yang terjadi di atmosfer atau lapisan udara bisa mempengaruhi lapisan ionosfer yang mengandung partikel-partikel ionisasi dan bermuatan listrik dimana dengan adanya lapisan ionosfer ini kita bisa mendengarkan siaran radio/menonton televisi.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> <b># BIDANG PARIWISATA</b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kecepatan angin, banyaknya cahaya matahari, cuaca cerah, serta udara yang sejuk/panas/kering sangat mempengaruhi pelaksanaan wisata, baik wisata darat maupun laut. Dengan cuaca dan iklim yang bersahabat serta kecepatan angin yang sedang maka pelaksanaan wisata akan semakin dinikmati</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"># BIDANG PERTANIAN</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kecepatan angin yang ideal adalah 19-35 km/jam. Pada keadaan kecepatan angin yang tidak kencang, serangga penyerbuk bisa lebih aktif membantu terjadinya persarian bunga. Sedangkan pada keadaan kecepatan angin kencang, kehadiran serangga penyerbuk menjadi berkurang sehingga akan berpengaruh terhadap keberhasilan penangkaran benih.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>8.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">MANFAAT ANGIN</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>Manfaat angin adalah sebagai berikut :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Angin untuk menggerakan perahu layar menelusuri nusantara, bahkan untuk menembus batas lintas negara, misalnya seperti Orang Buton.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>Angin sebagai tenaga listrik pengganti bahan bakar diesel atau batubara, di negara Australia angin digunakan sebagai tenaga listrik pengganti bahan bakar diesel atau batubara.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>Angin sangat untuk perjalanan para nelayan pulang dan pergi.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>Angin berfungsi sebagai instrument untuk membantu take-off atau landing pesawat di landasan pacu bandara.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Angin juga bermanfaat untuk menghilangkan rasa panas dan gerah. seperti pada alat kipas angin.Dibidang olahraga, ski air, paralayang </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0cm;"><span> <table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
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</tbody></table></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 36pt;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 36pt;"><br />
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</div><br clear="ALL" /> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="height: 221px; left: 0px; margin-left: 27px; margin-top: 31px; position: absolute; width: 405px; z-index: 251655168;"><img height="221" src="file:///C:/Users/HP_Mini/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image009.jpg" width="405" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Gambar. Olahraga paralayang memanfaatkan angin</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 36pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-indent: 36pt;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.55pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Gambar. Olahraga ski air yang memanfaatkan angin</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.55pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.55pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.55pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -0.55pt;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">sumber energi listrik penggerak kincir angin</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%;"><span> <table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
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</tbody></table></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%;"><br />
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</div><br clear="ALL" /> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span>-<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">trasportasi pelayaran untuk kapal layar</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%;"><span> <table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
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</td> <td><img height="180" src="file:///C:/Users/HP_Mini/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image013.jpg" width="365" /></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
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</div><br clear="ALL" /> <div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><img border="0" height="262" src="file:///C:/Users/HP_Mini/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image015.jpg" width="427" /></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Gambar. Perahu layar yang memanfaatkan angin untuk berlayar</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 14.2pt; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span>9.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">DAMPAK ANGIN</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>Selain bermanfaat bagi masyarakat, angin juga dapat menimbulkan masalah. Angin yang sering menimbulkan kerusakan menurut kriteria kecepatan antara lain :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">* Angin Puting Beliung</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1cm; text-indent: -7.05pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">- Adalah angin yang berputar dalam waktu yang sangat singkat sekitar 3 sampai 5 <span> </span>menit, sering terjadi di darat dengan radius sekitar 5 – 10 km.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1cm; text-indent: -7.05pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">- Angin puting beliung dapat membuat atap – atap rumah semi permanen berterbangan dan dapat membuat pohon tumbang. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>Agar terhindar dari terjangan angin puting beliung perlu di ambil langkah antisipatif berikut :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -14.7pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">-<span> </span>Menebang dahan – dahan dari pohon yang rimbun dan tinggi untuk <span> </span>mengurangi beban berat pada pohon tersebut.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span> </span>-<span> </span>Memperkuat atap rumah yang sudah rapuh</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span> </span>-<span> </span>Cepat berlindung atau menjauh dari tempat kejadian, bila mengetahui adanya indikasi akan terjadi puting beliung.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">* Angin Topan (Badai Tropis)</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span> </span>Angin Topan adalah angin yang berputar dengan skala yang lebih lama sekitar 3 – 7 hari, selalu terjadi di laut dengan daya rusak mencapai ribuan km, Indonesia termasuk negara yang tidak akan pernah dilintasi angin tersebut, namun demikian untuk wilayah yang dekat dengan angin topan akan merasakan dampak tidak langsungnya, antara lain:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span> </span>-<span> </span>Peningkatan kecepatan angin > 20 knots atau 37<span> </span>km/jam Gelombang tinggi > 2.5 m </span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><span> </span>-<span> </span>Hujan lebat dan angin kencang pada radius 1000<span> </span>km dari pusat badai. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Gambar Dampak Angin Topan</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><img border="0" height="306" src="file:///C:/Users/HP_Mini/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image016.jpg" width="416" /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Gambar. Pohon tertiup angin topan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><img border="0" height="291" src="file:///C:/Users/HP_Mini/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image017.jpg" width="416" /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Gambar. Pohon tumbang akibat terpaan angin topan</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><img alt="http://idkf.bogor.net/yuesbi/e-DU.KU/edukasi.net/Fenomena.Alam/Jenis.Angin/image/hal18.jpg" border="0" height="235" src="file:///C:/Users/HP_Mini/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image019.jpg" width="459" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span> <table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
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</td> <td><img height="328" src="file:///C:/Users/HP_Mini/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image021.jpg" width="410" /></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
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</div><br clear="ALL" /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Gambar. Angin puting beliung</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span> <table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
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</tbody></table></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><br />
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</div><br clear="ALL" /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Gambar. Bangunan dan motor rusak akibat angin puyuh</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><img border="0" height="336" src="file:///C:/Users/HP_Mini/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image024.jpg" width="448" /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Gambar. Angin tornado ditengah kota</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Contoh tabel Skala Beaufort: </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="margin-left: -92.5pt; width: 742px;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(226, 211, 198); padding: 0cm; width: 46.85pt;" width="62"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Skala Beaufort</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(226, 211, 198); padding: 0cm; width: 53.75pt;" width="72"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Kategori</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(226, 211, 198); padding: 0cm; width: 42.3pt;" width="56"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Satuan dalam km/jam</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(226, 211, 198); padding: 0cm; width: 37.55pt;" width="50"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Satuan dalam knots</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(226, 211, 198); padding: 0cm; width: 123.6pt;" width="165"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Keadaan di daratan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(226, 211, 198); padding: 0cm; width: 252.45pt;" width="337"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Keadaan di lautan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(226, 211, 198); padding: 0cm;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">0</span></div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(226, 211, 198); padding: 0cm;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Udara Tenang</span></div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(226, 211, 198); padding: 0cm;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">0</span></div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(226, 211, 198); padding: 0cm;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">0</span></div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(226, 211, 198); padding: 0cm;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Asap bergerak secara vertikal</span></div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(226, 211, 198); padding: 0cm;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Permukaan laut seperti kaca</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(226, 211, 198); padding: 0cm;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">1~3</span></div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(226, 211, 198); padding: 0cm;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Angin lemah</span></div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(226, 211, 198); padding: 0cm;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">≤ 19</span></div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(226, 211, 198); padding: 0cm;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">≤ 10</span></div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(226, 211, 198); padding: 0cm;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Angin terasa di wajah; daun-daun berdesir; kincir angin bergerak oleh angin</span></div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(226, 211, 198); padding: 0cm;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">riuk kecil terbentuk namun tidak pecah; permukaan tetap seperti kaca</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(226, 211, 198); padding: 0cm;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">4</span></div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(226, 211, 198); padding: 0cm;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Angin sedang</span></div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(226, 211, 198); padding: 0cm;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">20~29</span></div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(226, 211, 198); padding: 0cm;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">11~16</span></div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(226, 211, 198); padding: 0cm;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">mengangkat debu dan menerbangkan kertas; cabang pohon kecil bergerak</span></div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(226, 211, 198); padding: 0cm;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ombak kecil mulai memanjang; garis-garis buih sering terbentuk</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(226, 211, 198); padding: 0cm;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">5</span></div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(226, 211, 198); padding: 0cm;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Angin segar</span></div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(226, 211, 198); padding: 0cm;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">30~39</span></div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(226, 211, 198); padding: 0cm;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">17~21</span></div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(226, 211, 198); padding: 0cm;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">pohon kecil berayun; gelombang kecil terbentuk di perairan di darat</span></div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(226, 211, 198); padding: 0cm;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ombak ukuran sedang; buih berarak-arak</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(226, 211, 198); padding: 0cm;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">6</span></div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(226, 211, 198); padding: 0cm;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Angin kuat</span></div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(226, 211, 198); padding: 0cm;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">40~ 50</span></div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(226, 211, 198); padding: 0cm;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">22~ 27</span></div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(226, 211, 198); padding: 0cm;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">cabang besar bergerak; siulan terdengar pada kabel telepon; payung sulit digunakan</span></div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(226, 211, 198); padding: 0cm;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Ombak besar mulai terbentuk, buih tipis melebar dari puncaknya, kadang-kadang timbul percikan</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(226, 211, 198); padding: 0cm;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">7</span></div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(226, 211, 198); padding: 0cm;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Angin ribut</span></div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(226, 211, 198); padding: 0cm;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">51~ 62</span></div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(226, 211, 198); padding: 0cm;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">28 ~33</span></div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(226, 211, 198); padding: 0cm;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">pohon-pohon bergerak; terasa sulit berjalan melawan arah angin</span></div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(226, 211, 198); padding: 0cm;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Laut mulai bergolak, buih putih mulai terbawa angin dan membentuk alur-alur sesuai arah angin</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(226, 211, 198); padding: 0cm;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">8</span></div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(226, 211, 198); padding: 0cm;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Angin ribut sedang</span></div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(226, 211, 198); padding: 0cm;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">63~ 75</span></div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(226, 211, 198); padding: 0cm;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">34~ 40</span></div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(226, 211, 198); padding: 0cm;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">ranting-ranting patah; semakin sulit bergerak maju</span></div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(226, 211, 198); padding: 0cm;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Gelombang agak tinggi dan lebih panjang; puncak gelombang yang pecah mulai bergulung; buih yang terbesar anginnya semakin jelas alur-alurnya</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(226, 211, 198); padding: 0cm;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">9</span></div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(226, 211, 198); padding: 0cm;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Angin ribut kuat</span></div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(226, 211, 198); padding: 0cm;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">76~ 87</span></div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(226, 211, 198); padding: 0cm;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">41~ 47</span></div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(226, 211, 198); padding: 0cm;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">kerusakan bangunan mulai muncul; atap rumah lepas; cabang yang lebih besar patah</span></div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(226, 211, 198); padding: 0cm;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Gelombang tinggi terbentuk buih tebal berlajur-lajur; puncak gelombang roboh bergulung-gulung; percik-percik air mulai mengganggu penglihatan</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(226, 211, 198); padding: 0cm;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">10</span></div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(226, 211, 198); padding: 0cm;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Badai</span></div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(226, 211, 198); padding: 0cm;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">88~ 102</span></div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(226, 211, 198); padding: 0cm;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">48~ 55</span></div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(226, 211, 198); padding: 0cm;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">jarang terjadi di daratan; pohon-pohon tercabut; kerusakan bangunan yang cukup parah</span></div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(226, 211, 198); padding: 0cm;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Gelombang sangat tinggi dengan puncak memayungi; buih yang ditimbulkan membentuk tampal-tampal buih raksasa yang didorong angin, seluruh permukaan laut memutih; gulungan ombak menjadi dahsyat; penglihatan terganggu</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(226, 211, 198); padding: 0cm;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">11</span></div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(226, 211, 198); padding: 0cm;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Badai kuat</span></div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(226, 211, 198); padding: 0cm;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">103 ~117</span></div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(226, 211, 198); padding: 0cm;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">56~ 63</span></div></td> <td rowspan="2" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(226, 211, 198); padding: 0cm;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">sangat jarang terjadi- kerusakan yang menyebar luas</span></div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(226, 211, 198); padding: 0cm;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Gelombang amat sangat tinggi (kapal-kapal kecil dan sedang terganggu pandangan karenanaya), permukaan laut tertutup penuh tampal -tampal putih buih karena seluruh puncak gelombang menghamburkan buih yang terdorong angin; penglihatan terganggu</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(226, 211, 198); padding: 0cm;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">12+</span></div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(226, 211, 198); padding: 0cm;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Topan</span></div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(226, 211, 198); padding: 0cm;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">³118</span></div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(226, 211, 198); padding: 0cm;"> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">³64</span></div></td> <td style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% rgb(226, 211, 198); padding: 0cm;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Udara tertutup penuh oleh buih dan percik air; permukaan laut memutuh penuh oleh percik-percik air yang terhanyut angin; penglihatan amat sangat terganggu</span></div></td> </tr>
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</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 200%;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Handoko, Ir. 1999. <i>Klimatologi Dasar.</i> FMIPA. IPB, Bogor.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Karim, Kamarlis. 1985. <i>Dasar-dasar Klimatologi,</i><span> </span>UNSYIAH, Banda Aceh.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="ES" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Lakitan, Benyamin. 2002. <i>Dasar-dasar KlimatologiI</i>, Raja Grafindo Persada,Null.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Nasir, A. A. dan Y. Koesmaryono. 1990. <i>Pengantar Ilmu Iklim Untuk Pertanian</i>,</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pustaka Jaya, Bogor.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Takeda, Kensaku. 2005. <i>Hidrologi </i></span><i><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pertanian</span></i><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">. PT. Pratya Utama, Bogor.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Wahyuningsih, Utami. 2004<span>. </span><i>Geografi<span>.</span></i> Pabelan, Jakarta.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://intl.feedfury.com/content/16689389-manfaat-dan-kerugian-angin.html">http://intl.feedfury.com/content/16689389-manfaat-dan-kerugian-angin.html</a></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://organisasi.org/definisi-pengertian-angin-dan-teori-proses-terjadinya-angin-ilmu-pengetahuan-alam">http://organisasi.org/definisi-pengertian-angin-dan-teori-proses-terjadinya-angin-ilmu-pengetahuan-alam</a></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angin">http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angin</a></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://zonegeologi.blogspot.com/2011/02/pola-aliran-angin-global-di-bumi.html">http://zonegeologi.blogspot.com/2011/02/pola-aliran-angin-global-di-bumi.html</a></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://carapedia.com/pengaruh_kecepatan_angin_info936.html">http://carapedia.com/pengaruh_kecepatan_angin_info936.html</a></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://meteo-go.blogspot.com/2009/03/angin-puting-beliung_08.html">http://meteo-go.blogspot.com/2009/03/angin-puting-beliung_08.html</a></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="http://gurubajank.blogspot.com/2009/06/jenis-jenis-angin.html">http://gurubajank.blogspot.com/2009/06/jenis-jenis-angin.html</a></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://organisasi.org/macam-macam-jenis-jenis-angin-lokal-di-indonesia-ilmu-">http://organisasi.org/macam-macam-jenis-jenis-angin-lokal-di-indonesia-ilmu-</a>pengetahuan-geografi</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">http://citrakodok-citrapratiwi.blogspot.com/2011/01/angin.html</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">http://intl.feedfury.com/content/16689388-angin.html</span></div>Mr. Ghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05376997353450643915noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1613069871717409305.post-68406029799364480332011-11-19T09:48:00.000-08:002011-12-01T10:24:25.145-08:00Laporan Alkalintas<m:smallfrac m:val="off"> <m:dispdef> <m:lmargin m:val="0"> <m:rmargin m:val="0"> <m:defjc m:val="centerGroup"> <m:wrapindent m:val="1440"> <m:intlim m:val="subSup"> <m:narylim m:val="undOvr"> </m:narylim></m:intlim> </m:wrapindent> </m:defjc></m:rmargin></m:lmargin></m:dispdef></m:smallfrac><br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 300%;">I. </span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 300%;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 250%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 250%;">1.1 Latar Belakang</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sebagian besar dari permukaan bumi kita tertutup oleh air, air yang ada di permukaan bumi kita ini memiliki kegunaan masing-masing. Baik itu untuk konsumsi maupun untuk budidaya. Baik itu untuk konsumsi maupun untuk budidaya, air mesti memenuhi syarat-syarat tertentu yang dinamakan tingkat kualitas air. Kualitas air merupakan aspek yang sangat penting untuk diperhatikan dan dijaga agar dapat dimanfaatkan dengan baik, oleh kita maupun oleh generasi kita</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">kedepan.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Khusunya untuk usaha budidaya, kualitas air suatu perairan sangatlah menentukan keberhasilan budidaya itu sendiri. Karena hal ini secara langsung berhubungan dengan organisme yang dibudidaya. Salah satu parameter kualitas air yang sangat berperan dalam usaha budidaya itu sendiri yakni alkalinitas. Alkalinitas merupakan kuantitas anion dalam perairan yang dapat menetralkan kation h</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">i</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">drogen sehingga tingkat keasaman suatu perairan dapat dinetralisir Alkalinitas selain berhubungan dengan pH air tentunya sangat berpengaruh pada tingkat produktivitas perairan.</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span lang="FI" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Alkalinitas adalah kapasitas air untuk menetralkan tambahan asam tanpa penurunan nilai pH larutan. Sama halnya dengan larutan buffer, alkalinitas merupakan pertahanan air terhadap pengasaman. Alkalinitas adalah hasil reaksi-reaksi terpisah dalam larutan hingga merupakan sebuah analisa “makro” yang menggabungkan beberapa reaksi. Alkalinitas dalam air disebabkan oleh ion-ion karbonat (CO<sub>3</sub><sup>2-</sup> ), bikarbonat (HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup> ), hidroksida (OH<sup>-</sup>) dan borat (BO<sub>3</sub><sup>3-</sup>), fosfat (PO<sub>4</sub><sup>3-</sup>), dan sebagainya</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Alkalinitas adalah salah satu dari parameter kimia dalam perairan. Parameter ini dapat mempengaruhi keadaan dan kualitas dari perairan itu sendiri, sehinga setiap orang yang ingin membudidayakan ikan harus mengetahui masalah alkalinitas. Maka dari itu praktikum alkalinitas ini dilakukan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin: 12pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 250%;">1.2 Tujuan dan Kegunaan</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Tujuan dari praktikum limnologi tentang alkalinitas yaitu agar mahasiswa dapat mengetahui cara menentukan alkalinitas dalam perairan</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> serta mengetahui cara perhitungan alkalinitas. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sedangkan kegunaan</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">ya adalah untuk menambah pengetahuan dan wawasan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> mahasiswa da</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">lam</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> menentukan alkalinitas dalam peraira</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">n.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 300%;">II. </span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 300%;">TINJAUAN</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 300%;"> </span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 300%;"> PUSTAKA</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 300%;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 250%;">2</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 250%;">.1 </span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 250%;"> </span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 250%;">Sumber Alkalinitas</span></b><b><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 250%;"> Dalam Perairan</span></b><b><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 250%;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Jumlah basa yang ada di air didefinisikan apa yang disebut alkalinitas. Basa umum yang ditemukan di kolam ikan meliputi karbonat, bi</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">k</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">arbonat, hidroksida dan pospat. </span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">K</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">arbonat dan bikarbonat adalah komponen alkalinitas yang paling umum dan paling penting. Alkalinitas diukur dengan jumlah asam (ion hydrogen) air yang dapat terabsorp (buffer) sebelum mencapai pH yang ditunjukkan. </span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Total alkalinitas dinyatakan sebagai mg/l atau ppm calsium carbonat (mg/l</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">atau</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">ppm</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">CaCO3</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">) (</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.indonesianaquaculture.com/showthread.php/51-Interaksi-pH-CO2-Alkalinitas-amp-Hardness"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">http://www.indonesianaquaculture.com/showthread.php/51-Interaksi-pH-CO2-</span><span lang="IN" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">A</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">lkalinitas-amp-Hardness</span></a></span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Alkalinitas adalah kapasitas air untuk menetralkan tambahan asam tanpa penurunan nilai PH larutan. Alkanitas merupakan hasil dari reaksi-reaksi dalam larutan sehingga merupakan sebuah analisa “makro” yang menggabungkan beberapa reaksi. Alkalinitas dalam air disebabkan oleh ion-ion karbonat (CO<span style="position: relative; top: 6pt;"><img border="0" height="25" src="file:///C:/Users/HP_Mini/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" width="16" /></span>), bikarbonat (HCO<span style="position: relative; top: 6pt;"><img border="0" height="25" src="file:///C:/Users/HP_Mini/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" width="10" /></span>), hidroksida (OH<sup>-</sup>) dan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">juga</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">borat (BO<span style="position: relative; top: 6pt;"><img border="0" height="25" src="file:///C:/Users/HP_Mini/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" width="10" /></span>), forfat (PO<span style="position: relative; top: 5pt;"><img border="0" height="24" src="file:///C:/Users/HP_Mini/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image007.gif" width="15" /></span>), silikat dan sebagainya.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dalam air sifat alkalinitas sebagian besar disebabkan oleh adanya </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">bikarbonat (HCO<span style="position: relative; top: 6pt;"><img border="0" height="25" src="file:///C:/Users/HP_Mini/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.gif" width="10" /></span>) dan sisanya oleh karbonat (CO<span style="position: relative; top: 6pt;"><img border="0" height="25" src="file:///C:/Users/HP_Mini/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.gif" width="16" /></span>) dan hidroksida (OH<sup>-</sup>)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">(</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://smk3ae.worpress.com/2008/09/05/setelah-belajar-tentang-alkalinity"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">http://smk3ae.worpress.com/2008/09/05/setelah-belajar-tentang-alkalinity</span></a></span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">A</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">lkalinitas merupakan kapasitas penyangga (<i>buffer</i></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></i><i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">capacity</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">) terhadap pH perairan yang terdiri atas anion-anion seperti anion bikarbonat (HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup>), karbonat (CO<sub>3</sub><sup>2-</sup>) dan hidroksida (OH-). Borat (H<sub>2</sub>BO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup>), silikat (HSiO<sub>3</sub>-), fosfat (HPO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup> dan H<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub><sup>-</sup>) sulfide (HS<sup>-</sup>) dan amonia (NH<sub>3</sub>) dalam perairan yang dapat menetralkan kation hydrogen.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Namun pembentuk alkalnitas yang utama adalah bikarb</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">onat, karbonat dan hidroksida</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">(http//</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">kadar alkalinitas perairan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">.blogspot.com</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">.</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin: 12pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 250%;">2.2 </span></b><b><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 250%;">Manfaat</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 250%;"> Alkalinitas Dalam Perairan</span></b></div><div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="color: #1d1b11;">Alkalinitas berperan dalam menentukan kemampuan air untuk mendukung pertumbuhan alga dan kehidupan air lainnya, hal ini dikarenakan pengaruh system buffer dari alkalinitas dan alkalinitas berfungsi sebagai reservoir untuk karbon organic. Sehingga alkalinitas diukur sebagai faktor kesuburan air. (</span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkalinitas"><span style="color: #1d1b11; text-decoration: none;">http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkalinitas</span></a><span style="color: #1d1b11;">.)</span></div><div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="color: #1d1b11;">Unsur-unsur alkalinitas (karbonat dan bikarbonat) juga dapat bertindak sebagai buffer (penyangga) pH. Dalam kondisi basa ion bikarbonat akan membentuk ion karbonat dan melepaskan ion hidrogen yang bersifat asam, sehingga keadaan menjadi netral. Sebaliknya bila kedaan terlalu asam, ion karbonat dalam air akan mengalami hidrolisa menjadi ion bikarbonat dan melepaskan hidrogen oksida yang bersifat basa, sehingga kedaan menjadi netral (Kordi, 2007).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin: 12pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 250%;">2.</span></b><b><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 250%;">3 </span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 250%;"> Hubungan Alkalinitas Dengan Parameter Lain</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Di air yang beralkalinitas sedang hingga tinggi (kapasitas bufferingnya bagus) dan level hardness yang serupa, pHnya netral atau agak basa (7.0 hingga 8.3) dan fluktuasinya tak besar. Jumlah CO<sub>2</sub> yang lebih tinggi (yakni asam karbonat) atau asam-asam lainnya diperlukan untuk menurunkan pH karena lebih basa untuk menetralisir atau buffer asam. Hubungan antara alkalinitas, pH dan </span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">a</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">ngka (fa</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">k</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">tor) yang terkait pH dan suhu air yang terukur dikalikan dengan nilai alkalinitas yang terukur (mg/l sebagai CaCO<sub>3</sub>). </span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Basa berkaitan dengan reaksi alkalinitas dengan menetralisir asam. Karbonat</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">dan bikarbonat dapat bereaksi baik dengan asam maupun basa dan buffer (meminimalkan) perubahan pH. pH dari air berbuffer kuat biasanya berfluktuasi antara 6,5 dan 9. di perairan dengan alkalinitas rendah, pH dapat sangat rendah yang membahayakan (CO<sub>2</sub> dan asam karbonat dari respirasi) atau level tinggi yang membahayakan (fotosintesa yang cepat) Fitoplankton sangat mikroskopis atau hampir mikroskopis merupakan tanaman air yang sangat berpengaruh terhadap sebagian besar oksigen (fotosintesa) dan produktifitas primer di kolam. Dengan menstabilkan pH pada atau diatas 6.5, alkalinitas meningkatkan produktifitas fitoplankton (kesuburan kolam) dengan meningkatkan ketersediaan nutrient (konsentrasi pospat terlarut). </span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Alkalinitas pada atau diatas 20 mg/l menahan CO<sub>2</sub> dan meningkatkan konsentrasi yang tersedia untuk fotosintesa.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Karena fitoplankton menggunakan CO<sub>2</sub> dalam fotosintesa, pH air kolam meningkat karena asam karbonat (yakni CO<sub>2</sub>) terbuang. Dan juga, fitoplankton dan tanaman lainnya dapat mengambil bikarbonat (HCO3) untuk membentuk CO<sub>2</sub> untuk fotosintesa, dan melepaskan carbonat (CO32- ):</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 1cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2HCO3- + fitoplankton →CO2 (fotosintesa) + CO32- + H2O<br />
CO32- + H2O →HCO3- + OH- (basa kuat)</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 1cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">pH tinggi juga dapat dipandang sebagai penurunan ion hydrogen (H-+):<br />
CO32- + H-+→ HCO32- atau<br />
HCO32- + H-+→H2O + CO2</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Karbonat yang dilepaskan yang dirubah dari bikarbonat oleh tanaman hidup dapat mengakibatkan pH naik secara dramatis (diatas 9) selama periode fotosintesa yang cepat oleh bloom fitoplankton (alga) yang padat. Naiknya pH dapat terjadi di air beralkalinitas rendah (20-50 mg/l) atau di air yang alkalinitas bicarbonatnya sedang hingga tinggi (75-200 mg/l) yang mempunyai hardness kurang dari 25 mg/l. </span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">A</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">lkalinitas bikarbonat yang tinggi di air ‘lunak’ dihasilkan dari sodium dan potassium carbonat yang lebih mudah larut daripada karbonat calsium dan magnesium yang menyebabkan hardness. Jika terdapat calsium, magnesium dan fotosintesa yang menghasilkan carbonat ketika pH lebih besar dari 8.3 membentuk limestone. Kolam dengan alkalinitas dibawah 20 mg//l biasanya tak mampu menopang bloom</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">ing</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> fitoplankton</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> dan pH meningkat drastis</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">(</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.indonesianaquaculture.com/showthread.php/51-Interaksi-pH-CO2-Alkalinitas-amp-Hardness"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">http://www.indonesianaquaculture.com/showthread.php/51-Interaksi-pH-CO2-Alkalinitas-amp-Hardness</span></a></span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">A</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">lkalinitas </span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">merupakan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> konsentrasi total dari unsur basa yang terkandung dalam air dan biasa dinyatakan dalam mg/liter atau setara dengan kalsium karbonat (CaCO<sub>3</sub>).</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> D</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">ikatakan bahwa alkalinitas dalam air</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> tawar</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> sangat berperan penting karena alkalinitas tidak hanya berpengaruh langsung terhadap pertumbuhan plankton,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> tapi juga mempengaruhi parameter-parameter lainnya (http//ideiyanhariini.blogspot.com/2009/05/</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">alkalinitas</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">.html</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Konsentrasi total alkalinitas sangat erat hubungannya dengan konsentrasi total ksadahan air. Di lahan, umumnya total alkalintas mempunyai konsentrasi yang sama dengan total kesadahan air. Hal ini disebabkan karena kesadahan atau yang disebut juga sebgai konsentrasi ion-ion logam bervalensi 2 seperti Ca<sup>2+</sup> dan Mg<sup>2+</sup> dipasok dalam jumlah yang sama dari lapisan tanah dengan HCO<sub>3</sub>- dan CO<sub>2</sub><sup>2-</sup> yang merupakan unsur pembentuk total alkalinitas (Kordi, 2007). </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin: 12pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 250%;">2.</span></b><b><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 250%;">4 </span></b><b><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 250%;"> </span></b><b><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 250%;">Dampak Dan </span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 250%;">Penanggulangan</span></b><b><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 250%;"> Alkalinitas Dalam Perairan</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Air dengan alkalinitas tinggi (pH tinggi) jarang dijumpai. Dalam akuakultur, penggunaan kolam semen baru memang akan menyebabkan pH meningkat, sehingga untuk pengoperasian kolam semen diperlukan tindakan pengisian air dan pengurasan berulang-ulang sebelum kolam semen siap digunakan untuk budidaya.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Pemberian kapur (lime= kalsium hidroksida) ditujukan untuk meningkatkan pH. Kapur juga berperan sebagai desinfektan. Pemberian kapur yang berlebihan atau aliran air yang kurang baik dapat berakibat alkalinitas air tinggi dan dapat berakibat fatal bagi ikan (Irianto, 2005).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Alkanitas yang rendah diper</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">a</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">iran dapat diatas dengan pengapuran dengan doses 5 ppm. Jenis kapur yang digunakan disesuaikan kondisi PH air sehingga pengaruh pengapuran tidak membuat pH tinggi. Jenis kapur yang baik digunakan adalah Ca (OH)<sub>2 </sub>diaplikasikan untuk menaikkan alkanitas sekaligus menaikkan PH air (</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.trobos.com/%29"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">http://www.trobos.com/)</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kandungan alkalinitas yang rendah, akan berdampak negatif pada produktifitas suatu organisme seperti akan mempengaruhi kesehatan dan pertumbuhan untuk kelangsungan hidupnya serta akan memepengaruhi kuantitas kadar parameter lainya diantaranya CO<sub>2</sub>, pH dan parameter lainya. penyebab yang mempengaruhi terjadinya penurunan pH salah satunya yaitu terhadap bahan organik dimana akibat pH yang kurang stabil maka konsentrasi total alkalinitas juga akan terpengaruh. Hal ini disebabkan karena pada keadaan asam banyak tersedia ion hidrogen bebas yang kemudian hidrogen bebas tersebut akan membentuk senyawa asam dengan mengikat basa-basa bebas seperti karbonat maupun bikarbonat yang merupakan unsur pembentuk total alkalinitas air, akibatnya menurunkan konsentrasi total alkalinitas (Gurina, 2008).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin: 12pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 250%;">2.</span></b><b><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 250%;">5</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 250%;"> Kadar Alkalinitas</span></b><b><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 250%;"> Yang Baik Untuk Budidaya</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Alkalinitas merupakan kesuburan suatu kolam berdasarkan banyaknya kandungan senyawa karbonat dan bikarbonat (CaCO<sub>3</sub>) dalam air media pemeliharaan. Kandungan karbonat dan bikarbonat yang baik untuk kolam yang produktif adalah 30-200 mg/L perairan yang mempunyai nilai alkalinitas yang tinggit idak disukai oleh organisme akauatik. Karena diikuti dengan kenaikan kadar garam natrium yang tinggi atau kesudahan yang tinggi.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">(http//hobikan.blogspot.com/2008/09/alkalinitas-alk-pada-kolam-ikan-gurame-htm) </span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="color: #1d1b11;">Alkalinitas secara umum menunjukkan konsentrasi basa atau bahan yang mampu menetralisir kemasamaan dalam air. Secara khusus, alkalinitas sering disebut sebagai besaran yang menunjukkan kapasitas pem-bufffer-an dari ion bikarbonat, dan sampai tahap tertentu ion karbonat dan hidroksida dalam air. Ketiga ion tersebut di dalam air akan bereaksi dengan ion hidrogen sehingga menurunkan kemasaman dan menaikan pH. Alkalinitas biasanya dinyatakan dalam satuan ppm (mg/l) kalsium karbonat (CaCO<sub>3</sub>). Air dengan kandungan kalsium karbonat lebih dari 100 ppm disebut sebagai alkalin, sedangkan air dengan kandungan kurang dari 100 ppm disebut sebagai lunak atau tingkat alkalinitas sedang. Pada umumnya lingkungan yang baik bagi kehidupan ikan adalah dengan nilai alkalinitas diatas 20 ppm. (</span><a href="http://www.o-fish.com/parameter_air.htm"><span style="color: #1d1b11; text-decoration: none;">http://www.o-fish.com/parameter_air.htm</span></a><span style="color: #1d1b11;">).</span></div><div style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 300%; position: relative; top: 5pt;">III. </span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 300%; position: relative; top: 5pt;">METODE PRAKTIKUM</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 250%;">3.1 Waktu dan Tempat</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Praktikum mata kuliah Limnologi tentang Alkalinitas dilaksanakan pada hari Kamis, </span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">tanggal 11</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> November 20</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">11</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">,</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> mulai</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> pukul 1</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">3</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">.</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">3</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">0 WITA</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> sampai selesai</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">, bertempat di Laboratorium Perikanan Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Tadulako</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">, Palu.</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> <span lang="EN-US"></span></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 250%; margin: 12pt 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 250%;">1.2<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 250%;">Alat dan Bahan</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Adapun alat yang digunakan pada praktikum alkalinitas dapat dilihat pada tabel dibawah ini :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Tabel 1. Alat beserta fungsinya</span></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none;"><tbody>
<tr> <td style="border: 1pt solid rgb(145, 145, 145); padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.4pt;" valign="top" width="45"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">No.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: rgb(145, 145, 145) rgb(145, 145, 145) rgb(145, 145, 145) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 163.35pt;" valign="top" width="218"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Alat</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: rgb(145, 145, 145) rgb(145, 145, 145) rgb(145, 145, 145) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 210.95pt;" valign="top" width="281"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Fungsi</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(145, 145, 145) rgb(145, 145, 145); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.4pt;" valign="top" width="45"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1. </span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(145, 145, 145) rgb(145, 145, 145) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 163.35pt;" valign="top" width="218"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pipet tetes</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(145, 145, 145) rgb(145, 145, 145) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 210.95pt;" valign="top" width="281"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengambil cairan dalam jumlah tertentu mau pun takaran bebas</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(145, 145, 145) rgb(145, 145, 145); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.4pt;" valign="top" width="45"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2. </span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(145, 145, 145) rgb(145, 145, 145) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 163.35pt;" valign="top" width="218"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pipet skala</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(145, 145, 145) rgb(145, 145, 145) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 210.95pt;" valign="top" width="281"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengambil cairan dengan volume tertentu</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(145, 145, 145) rgb(145, 145, 145); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.4pt;" valign="top" width="45"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">3.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(145, 145, 145) rgb(145, 145, 145) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 163.35pt;" valign="top" width="218"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">pH Meter</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(145, 145, 145) rgb(145, 145, 145) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 210.95pt;" valign="top" width="281"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengukur pH dalam air</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(145, 145, 145) rgb(145, 145, 145); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.4pt;" valign="top" width="45"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">4.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(145, 145, 145) rgb(145, 145, 145) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 163.35pt;" valign="top" width="218"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Termometer</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(145, 145, 145) rgb(145, 145, 145) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 210.95pt;" valign="top" width="281"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengukur suhu dalam air</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(145, 145, 145) rgb(145, 145, 145); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.4pt;" valign="top" width="45"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">5.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(145, 145, 145) rgb(145, 145, 145) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 163.35pt;" valign="top" width="218"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Gelas ukur</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(145, 145, 145) rgb(145, 145, 145) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 210.95pt;" valign="top" width="281"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengukur volume larutan dengan tidak memerlukan tingkat ketelitian yang tnggi dalam jumlah tertentu</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(145, 145, 145) rgb(145, 145, 145); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.4pt;" valign="top" width="45"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">6.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(145, 145, 145) rgb(145, 145, 145) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 163.35pt;" valign="top" width="218"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Bola karet (karet penghisap)</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(145, 145, 145) rgb(145, 145, 145) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 210.95pt;" valign="top" width="281"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Membantu menghisap dan mengeluarkan cairan dari dalam pipet skala</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(145, 145, 145) rgb(145, 145, 145); border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 33.4pt;" valign="top" width="45"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">7.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(145, 145, 145) rgb(145, 145, 145) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 163.35pt;" valign="top" width="218"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Labu erlenmeyer</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color rgb(145, 145, 145) rgb(145, 145, 145) -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 210.95pt;" valign="top" width="281"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Menampung larutan dengan volume tertentu</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Bahan yang digunakan dalam praktikum</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> alkalinitas</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> adalah Larutan indikator PP</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> (Penophtalein)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">, Larutan indikator MO (Met</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">hy</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">l Orange), larutan peniter H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4 </sub>dan tisu.</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin: 12pt 0cm 0.0001pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 250%;">3.3 Prosedur Kerja</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 250%;">3.3.1 Prosedur Kerja Alkalinitas</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Prosedur kerja tentang pengukuran alkalinitas</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> air </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">adalah sebagai berikut :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Mengambil air sampel </span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">100</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> ml dan memberikan 5 tetes PP. apabila tidak berwarna, maka tidak ada PP alkalinitas. Menambahkan MO (Metil Orange). Melakukan dengan langkah berikut, menitrasi dengan larutan H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4 </sub>dari warna kuning sampai warna orange. Kemudian menghitung larutan H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4 </sub>yang digunakan (M).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Apabila berwarna, maka langsung mentitrasi dengan larutan H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4 </sub>sampai berwarna kuning. Lalu menghitung larutan H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4 </sub>yang digunakan (P).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Memasukkan MO (<i>Metil Orange</i>), lalu menitrasi dengan larutan H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4 </sub>sampai warna orange. Menghitung larutan H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4 </sub>yang digunakan (B).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin: 12pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 250%;">3.3.2 Prosedur Kerja Pengukuran Suhu</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Prosedur pengukuran suhu air akuarium dengan menggunakan termometer adalah sebagai berikut :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Mengambil termometer dan memasukannya kedalam air hingga termometer berada dibawah permukaan air.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Mengamati skala perubahan suhu pada termometer lalu mencatatnya.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 250%;">3.3.3 Prosedur Kerja Pengukuran pH</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Prosedur pengukuran pH air dalam akuarium dengan menggunakan pH-meter adalah sebagai berikut :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Mengambil alat pH-meter, membuka penutup membran pHnya, menekan tombol untuk mengaktifkan alatnya.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Memasukan alat pH-meter kedalam air sampai batas tertentu.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Mengamati nilai pH air pada monitor pH-meter, lalu mencatatnya.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 250%; margin: 12pt 0cm 0.0001pt 21pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21pt;"><b><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 250%;">3.4<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 250%;">Analisa Data</span></b><b><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 250%;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 250%; margin: 12pt 0cm 0.0001pt 21pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 250%;">Adapun analisa data dari praktikum alkalinitas adalah sebagai berikut :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Perhitungan :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="height: 46px; left: 0px; margin-left: 147px; margin-top: 60px; position: absolute; width: 332px; z-index: 1;"> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td bgcolor="white" height="46" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; vertical-align: top;" width="332"><span style="left: 0pt; position: absolute; z-index: 1;"> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td><div class="shape" style="padding: 3.6pt 7.2pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><u><span style="color: #0f243e; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">(M atau P + B) (N) (50) (1000)</span></u><span style="color: #0f243e; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> mg/l CaCO<sub>3</sub></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="color: #0f243e; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">V</span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></span> </td> </tr>
</tbody></table></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">PP</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">A</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">lkalinity</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">= <span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"><img border="0" height="43" src="file:///C:/Users/HP_Mini/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image009.gif" width="119" /></span> mg/l CaCO<sub>3<span style="position: relative; top: 5pt;"><img border="0" height="21" src="file:///C:/Users/HP_Mini/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image011.gif" width="10" /></span></sub></span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; position: relative; top: 5pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> Total Alkalinity = </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Keterangan</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">: P = </span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">volume peniter (H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4 </sub>ml)</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">B = </span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">volume peniter (H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4 </sub>ml)</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> N =</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">normalitas peniter (H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub></span><sub><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></sub><sub><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></sub><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">0,02 ml)</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> V =</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> volume air sampel</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 28.65pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">50 =</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> berat molekul CaCO<sub>3</sub></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 28.5pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> 1000</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">=</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">jumlah liter ke mililiter<span style="position: relative; top: 5pt;"><img border="0" height="22" src="file:///C:/Users/HP_Mini/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image012.gif" width="13" /></span></span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; position: relative; top: 5pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 28.5pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 28.5pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 28.5pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 28.5pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 300%;">IV HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 250%;">4.1 Hasil</span></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 2.45pt 0.0001pt 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Berdasarkan hasil pengukuran alkalinitas pada air sampel akuarium A dan B didapat hasil rata-rata sebagai berikut : </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"> <table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td height="12" width="1"><br />
</td> </tr>
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</td> <td><img height="269" src="file:///C:/Users/HP_Mini/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image014.gif" width="531" /></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><br />
</div><br clear="ALL" /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Gambar</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> 1. Rata – rata PP Alkalinitas pada akuarium A dan B. </span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"> <table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td height="13" width="1"><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td><br />
</td> <td><img height="276" src="file:///C:/Users/HP_Mini/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image016.gif" width="531" /></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div><br clear="ALL" /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Gambar</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2. Rata – rata Total Alkalinitas pada akuarium A dan B. </span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 250%;">4.2 Pembahasan</span></b><b><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 250%;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><b><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 250%;">4.2.1 Perbandingan Alkalinitas Hasil Pengamatan Dengan Kadar Optimal</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Hasil yang diperoleh di Laboratorium bahwa air</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> sampel pada akuarium A oleh kelompok 2 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">memiliki alkalinitas mencapai </span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">14 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">mg/l</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">CaCO<sub>3</sub></span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">, pada kelompok 3 alkalinitas mencapai 9,5 mg/l </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">CaCO<sub>3</sub>,</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> pada kelompok 6 alkalinitas mencapai 14 mg/l </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">CaCO<sub>3</sub></span><sub><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span></sub><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">dengan nilai rata-rata hasil alkalinitas sebesar 12,5 mg/l CaCO<sub>3</sub>,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> sedangkan pada</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> air sampel akuarium B oleh</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">kelompok 1 alkalinitas </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">mencapai </span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">10 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">mg/l</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">CaCO<sub>3</sub></span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">,<sub> </sub>pada kelompok 4 alkalinitas mencapai 41,1 mg/l </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">CaCO<sub>3</sub></span><sub><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">, </span></sub><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">pada<sup> </sup>kelompok 5 alkalinitas mencapai 50 mg/l</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">CaCO<sub>3</sub></span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> dengan nilai rata-rata hasil alkalinitas sebesar 33,7 mg/l CaCO<sub>3</sub> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">. </span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> Selain itu</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> total alkalinitas </span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">pada air sampel akuarium A oleh kelompok 2 s</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">ebesar </span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">26 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">mg/l</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">CaCO<sub>3</sub></span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">,</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> pada kelompok 3 sebesar 36,5 mg/l</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> CaCO<sub>3</sub></span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">, pada kelompok 6 sebesar 25 mg/l</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">CaCO<sub>3</sub></span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> dengan nilai rata-rata total alkalinitas sebesar 29,16 mg/l CaCO<sub>3</sub></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sedangkan total alkalinitas pada air sampel akuarium B oleh kelompok 1 sebesar</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> 60 mg/l</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> CaCO3</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">, pada kelompok 4 sebesar 82 mg/l</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> CaCO<sub>3</sub></span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">, pada kelompok 5 sebesar 80 mg/l</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">CaCO<sub>3</sub></span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> dengan nilai rata-rata total alkalinitas sebesar 74 mg/l CaCO<sub>3. </sub></span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">P</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">erairan</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> yang memiliki</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> kandungan kalsium karbonat lebih dari 100 ppm itu berarti mengandung Alkalinitas yang baik. Sedangkan</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> perairan yang</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> kurang</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> kalsium</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">karbonat</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> dari 100 ppm </span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">ini menunjukkan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> tingkat Alkalinitasnya sedang</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">(</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.o-fish.com/parameter_air.htm"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">http://www.o-fish.com/parameter_air.htm</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">).</span><span style="color: #1d1b11;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Alkalinitas pada akuarium A dan B dikatakan baik karena pH yang meningkat masih dapat ditoleransi oleh organisme yang hidup didalamnya. pada umumnya kondisi yang baik untuk kehidupan ikan adalah dengan nilai alkalinitas diatas 20 ppm / mg/l CaCO<sub>3 </sub></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">(</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.o-fish.com/parameter_air.htm"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">http://www.o-fish.com/parameter_air.htm</span></a></span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">).</span><span style="color: #1d1b11;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin: 12pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 250%;">4.2.2 Perbandingan Alkalinitas akuarium A Dan B</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Alkalinitas pada akuarium A dan B memiliki perbandingan yang cukup menonjol seperti yang ditampilkan pada gambar hasil PP alkalinitas dan Total alkalinitas. Pada akuarium A memiliki alkalinitas yang rendah dibandingkan alkalinitas pada akuarium B. Penyelidikan terjadinya perbandingan ini disebabkan adanya organisme yang hidup pada kedua akuarium tersebut. Pada akurium A terdapat ikan lele dumbo sedangkan pada akurium B terdapat ikan nila berukuran sedang. Pergerakan atau aktivitas ikan didalam kedua akuarium juga berbeda, dimana ikan lele kurang aktif melakukan aktivitas dalam akuarium sedangkan ikan nila dalam akuarium B begitu aktif dalam akuarium. Aktivitas kedua ikan ini dalam akuarium yang berbeda juga berpengaruh pada meningkatnya CO<sub>2</sub> dalam air karena proses respirasi yang menyebabkan pH air pada akuarium menurun sehingga alkalinitas pada kedua akuarium juga berbeda.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Kondisi air dalam akuarium yang juga mulai kurang baik karena terpengaruh oleh adanya zat sisa dari hasil metabolisme ikan yang hidup didalamnya. hal ini juga mempengaruhi alkalinitas dalam akuarium. Gusrina, (2008), menyatakan bahwa diantara penyebab yang mempengaruhi terjadinya penurunan pH salah satunya yaitu terhadap bahan organik dimana akibat pH yang kurang stabil maka konsentrasi total alkalinitas juga akan terpengaruh. Hal ini disebabkan karena pada keadaan asam banyak tersedia ion hidrogen bebas yang kemudian hidrogen bebas tersebut akan membentuk senyawa asam dengan mengikat basa-basa bebas seperti karbonat maupun bikarbonat yang merupakan unsur pembentuk total alkalinitas air, akibatnya menurunkan konsentrasi total alkalinitas.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Selain itu waktu penempatan ikan dalam akuarium berbeda waktu. Ikan nila ditaruh dalam akuarium B telah ada dua hari lebih lama dibandingkan ikan lele pada akuarium A. Faktor ukuran, jenis ikan yang hidup dalam akuarium dan perbedaan waktu penempatan kedua jenis ikan itu juga menjadi penyebab perbedaan alkalinitas air dalam akuarium.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin: 12pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 250%;">4.2.3 Hubungan Alkalinitas Dengan Parameter Lain</span></b><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 250%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dari hasil praktikum yang dilakukan dapat diketahui pH mempengaruhi alkalinitas. </span><span lang="SV" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">pH merupakan faktor intensitas, alkalinitas merupakan faktor kapasitas, dimana kapasitas itu merupakan kapasitas air tersebut untuk menetralkan asam. Oleh karena itu dengan penambahan alkalinitas lebih banyak dibutuhkan untuk mencegah supaya air itu tidak menjadi asam.</span><span lang="SV" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="SV" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Dalam kebanyakan air alami alkalinitas disebabkan oleh adanya HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup> dan sedikit oleh adanya CO<sub>3</sub><sup>2-</sup> dan air dengan alkalinitas tinggi mempunyai konsentrasi karbon organik yang tinggi. Dalam media dengan pH rendah, ion hydrogen dalam air mengurangi alkalinitas</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Air</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> yang mengandung total alkalinitas yang tinggi</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> maka kandungan CO<sub>2</sub> yang berada di </span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">air</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> itu juga besar dibandingkan dengan </span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">air</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> yang memiliki alkalinitas rendah. </span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Air</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> yang memiliki alkalinitas rendah mempunyai daya tangkap (<i>buffer</i>) yang kurang. Oleh sebab itu, pada umumnya lingkungan yang baik bagi kehidupan ikan adalah dengan nilai atau kadar alkalinitas diatas 20 ppm</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">/ mg/l CaCO<sub>3</sub> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">(</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.o-fish.com/parameter_air.htm"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%; text-decoration: none;">http://www.o-fish.com/parameter_air.htm</span></a></span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">)</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Alkalinitas menyediakan kapasitas menyangga (buffer) yang dibutuhkan untuk melindungi ikan yang dibudidayakan secara intensif melawan goyangan lebar pH air yang akan terjadi dikarenakan respirasi ikan</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">. </span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">S</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">emakin ti</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">n</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">ggi konsentrasi ion H<sup>+ </sup>akan semakin rendah konsentrasi ion OH<sup>‑ </sup> dan pH > 7, maka perairan bersifat alkalis (basa)</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">(Kordi, 2007).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 300%;">V. KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 250%;">5.1 Kesimpulan</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Berdasarkan hasil dan pembahasan mengenai alkalinitas</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> pada air sampel pada akuarium A dan B,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> maka diperoleh kesimpulan sebagai berikut :</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Rata-rata PP alkalinitas pada akuarium A sebesar 12,5</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> mg/lCaCO</span><sub><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">3 </span></sub><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">dan pada akuarium B sebesar 33,7</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> mg/lCaCO</span><sub><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">3</span></sub><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">, </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> sedangkan </span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">total alkalinitas pada akuarium A sebesar 29,16 dan pada akuarium B sebesar 74 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">mg/lCaCO</span><sub><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">3. </span></sub><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Adanya ikan lele pada akuarium A dan ikan nila pada akuarium B juga mempengaruhi perbedaan alkalinitas</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Alkalinitas berpengaruh dengan tinggi rendahnya pH dalam perairan.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Alkalinitas juga mempunyai kemampuan untuk menetralkan kadar asam dalam perairan.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 14.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Ketersediaan ion basa bikarbonat (HCO<sub>3</sub>) dan karbonat (CO<sub>3</sub><sup>2-</sup>) merupakan parameter total alkalinitas dalam perairan.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 250%; margin: 12pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 250%;">5.2 Saran</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Sebagai praktikan saya menyarankan praktikum ini lebih khususnya praktikum tentang alkalinitas dapat diterapkan dilapangan mengingat alkalinitas ini merupakan salah satu parameter yang sangat menunjang bagi keberlangsungan usaha budidaya. </span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 1cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 1cm;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 1cm;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 300%;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Gusrina, 2008. <i>Budidaya Ikan Jilid I</i>. Direktorat Pembinaan Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan. Jakarta</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://smk3ae.worpress.com/2008/09/05/setelah-belajar-tentang-alkalinity"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none;">Http://Smk3ae.Worpress.Com/2008/09/05/Setelah-Belajar-Tentang-Alkalinity</span></a></span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> diakses pada tanggal 14 november 2011 pukul 17.10 WITA).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;"><br />
</div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkalinitas"><span style="color: #1d1b11; text-decoration: none;">Http://Id.Wikipedia.Org/Wiki/Alkalinitas</span></a><span style="color: #1d1b11;"> diakses pada tanggal 14 november 2011 jam 17.00 WITA).</span></div><div style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.indonesianaquaculture.com/showthread.php/51-Interaksi-pH-CO2-Alkalinitas-amp-Hardness"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none;">Http://Www.Indonesianaquaculture.Com/Showthread.Php/51-Interaksi-Ph-Co2-Alkalinitas-Amp-Hardness</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> diakses pada tanggal 14 november 2011 </span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">pukul</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> 17.0</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">5 WITA).</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Http//hobikan.blogspot.com/2008/09/alkalinitas-alk</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">alinitas</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">-pada-kolam-ikan-gurame-</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">h</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">tm</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> diakses pada tanggal 14 november 2011 pukul 17.12 WITA</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">) </span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Http//ideiyanhariini.blogspot.com/2009/05/</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">alkalinitas</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">.html.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">diakses</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">tanggal </span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">13</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> November 20</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">11</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> pukul 1</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">5</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">.30 WITA</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">)</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Http//</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">kadar alkalinitas perairan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">.blogspot.com</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">.</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> diakses tanggal 12 november 2011 pukul 15.00 WITA)</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.o-fish.com/parameter_air.htm"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none;">Http://Www.O-Fish.Com/Parameter_Air.Htm</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> diakses pada tanggal 14 november 2011 pukul 17.00 witta).</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://my.opera.com/russadyRJ/blog/2010/05/03/manajemen-kualitas-"><span lang="IN" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none;">H</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none;">ttp://my.opera.com/russadyRJ/blog/2010/05/03/<i>manajemen-kualitas</i>-</span></a></span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Diakses Pada Tanggal 14 November 2011 Pukul 20.00 WITA.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.trobos.com/%29"><span lang="IN" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none;">H</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; text-decoration: none;">ttp://www.trobos.com/)</span></a></span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">. <i>Alkalinitas air</i>. Diakses Pada Tanggal14 November 2011 Pukul 21.00 WITA.</span></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.7pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Irianto, A. 2005. <i>Patologi Ikan Teleostei</i>. Gadjah Mada University Press, Yogyakarta.</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 35.7pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.7pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Kordi, </span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">K.M.G.H. 2007</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">.</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"> Kualitas air Untuk Budidaya Udang Windu. PT. Perca </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Jakarta.</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">Kordi, </span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt;">K.M.G.H. 2007. Meramu Pakan Untuk Ikan Karnivor. CV. Aneka Ilmu, Semarang.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 300%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 300%;">TABEL HASIL PERHITUNGAN ALKALINITAS</span></b><b><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 300%;"></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Tabel 1. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Perhitungan data-data kelompok adalah</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> sebagai berikut</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> :</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div><table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: medium none; margin-left: 5.4pt; width: 530px;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 22.15pt;"> <td rowspan="2" style="border: 1pt solid black; height: 22.15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1cm;" width="38"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">No</span></div></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 22.15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.6pt;" width="47"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Sampel</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 22.15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.7pt;" width="66"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Volume Sampel</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">(ml)</span></div></td> <td colspan="3" style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 22.15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.5pt;" width="142"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Penit</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">e</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">r</span></div></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 22.15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.95pt;" width="85"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">PP Alkalinitas</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">(mg/L)</span></div></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 22.15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.65pt;" width="57"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Total</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">(mg/L)</span></div></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 22.15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.65pt;" width="57"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Suhu </span></div></td> <td rowspan="2" style="border-color: black black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: solid solid solid none; border-width: 1pt 1pt 1pt medium; height: 22.15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1cm;" width="38"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">pH</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 13.9pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.9pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.5pt;" valign="top" width="47"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">P</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">(ml)</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.9pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.5pt;" valign="top" width="47"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">B</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">(ml)</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 13.9pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.5pt;" valign="top" width="47"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">M</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">(ml)</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 25pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 25pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1cm;" width="38"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 25pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.6pt;" width="47"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">I.b</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 25pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.7pt;" width="66"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">100</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 25pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.5pt;" width="47"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 25pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.5pt;" width="47"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">5</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 25pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.5pt;" width="47"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">6</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 25pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.95pt;" width="85"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">10</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 25pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.65pt;" width="57"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">60</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 25pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.65pt;" width="57"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">26</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 25pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1cm;" width="38"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">8,8</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 31.05pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 31.05pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1cm;" width="38"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 31.05pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.6pt;" width="47"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">I</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">I.a</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 31.05pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.7pt;" width="66"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">100</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 31.05pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.5pt;" width="47"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">0,7</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 31.05pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.5pt;" width="47"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">0,6</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 31.05pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.5pt;" width="47"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1,3</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 31.05pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.95pt;" width="85"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">17</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 31.05pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.65pt;" width="57"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 12pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">26</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 31.05pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.65pt;" width="57"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 12pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">26</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 31.05pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1cm;" valign="top" width="38"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 12pt 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">8,1</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 21.5pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 21.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1cm;" width="38"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">3</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 21.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.6pt;" width="47"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">I</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">II.a</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 21.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.7pt;" width="66"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">100</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 21.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.5pt;" width="47"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">0,95</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 21.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.5pt;" width="47"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2,7</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 21.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.5pt;" width="47"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">3,65</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 21.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.95pt;" width="85"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">9,5</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 21.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.65pt;" width="57"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">36,5</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 21.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.65pt;" width="57"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">26</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 21.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1cm;" width="38"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">8,5</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 25pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 25pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1cm;" width="38"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">4</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 25pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.6pt;" width="47"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">I</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">V.b</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 25pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.7pt;" width="66"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">100</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 25pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.5pt;" width="47"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">7,3</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 25pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.5pt;" width="47"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">0,9</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 25pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.5pt;" width="47"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">8,2</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 25pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.95pt;" width="85"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">41,1</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 25pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.65pt;" width="57"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">82</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 25pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.65pt;" width="57"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">26</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 25pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1cm;" width="38"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">8,6</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 25pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 25pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1cm;" width="38"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">5.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 25pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.6pt;" width="47"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">V b</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 25pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.7pt;" width="66"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">100</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 25pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.5pt;" width="47"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">5</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 25pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.5pt;" width="47"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">3</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 25pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.5pt;" width="47"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">8</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 25pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.95pt;" width="85"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">50</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 25pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.65pt;" width="57"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">80</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 25pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.65pt;" width="57"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">26</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 25pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1cm;" width="38"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">8,6</span></div></td> </tr>
<tr style="height: 26.55pt;"> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black; border-style: none solid solid; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt; height: 26.55pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1cm;" width="38"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">6.</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.55pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.6pt;" width="47"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">VI a</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.55pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.7pt;" width="66"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">100</span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><br />
</div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.55pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.5pt;" width="47"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">0,7</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.55pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.5pt;" width="47"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">0,55</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.55pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 35.5pt;" width="47"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1,25</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.55pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.95pt;" width="85"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">14</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.55pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.65pt;" width="57"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">25</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.55pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 42.65pt;" width="57"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">26</span></div></td> <td style="border-color: -moz-use-text-color black black -moz-use-text-color; border-style: none solid solid none; border-width: medium 1pt 1pt medium; height: 26.55pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 1cm;" width="38"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">8,4</span></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Analisa data pengukuran alkalinitas tiap-tiap kelompok pada akuarium A dan B adalah sebagai berikut :</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kelompok I </span></b><b><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">B</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">PP alkalinity </span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">= <span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"><img border="0" height="40" src="file:///C:/Users/HP_Mini/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image018.gif" width="127" /></span> mg/l CaCO<sub>3</sub></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 72pt; text-indent: 36pt;"> <table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td height="7" width="160"><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td><br />
</td> <td bgcolor="white" height="51" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; vertical-align: top;" width="173"><span style="left: 0pt; position: absolute; z-index: 11;"> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td><div class="shape" style="padding: 3.6pt 7.2pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><u><span style="color: #0f243e; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">(1) (0,02) (50) (1000)</span></u></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #0f243e;">100</span></div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></span> </td> </tr>
</tbody></table><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></div><br clear="ALL" /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 72pt; text-indent: 36pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">= </span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">mg/l CaCO<sub>3</sub></span><sub><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></sub></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 72pt; text-indent: 36pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 72pt; text-indent: 36pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 72pt; text-indent: 36pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">= </span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> 10 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">mg/l CaCO<sub>3</sub></span><sub><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></sub></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 99pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Total alkalinity </span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">= <span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"><img border="0" height="40" src="file:///C:/Users/HP_Mini/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image020.gif" width="153" /></span> mg/l CaCO<sub>3</sub></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="height: 54px; margin-left: 152px; margin-top: 11px; position: absolute; width: 163px; z-index: 13;"> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td bgcolor="white" height="54" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; vertical-align: top;" width="163"><span style="position: absolute; z-index: 13;"> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td><div class="shape" style="padding: 3.6pt 7.2pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><u><span style="color: #0f243e; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">(</span></u><span style="color: #0f243e; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">6<u>) (0,02) (50) (1000)</u></span></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #0f243e;">100</span></div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></span> </td> </tr>
</tbody></table></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">=</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> mg/l CaCO<sub>3</sub></span><sub><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></sub></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">= </span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> 60 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">mg/l CaCO<sub>3</sub></span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 99pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kelompok II</span></b><b><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> A</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">PP alkalinity </span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">= <span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"><img border="0" height="40" src="file:///C:/Users/HP_Mini/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image018.gif" width="127" /></span> mg/l CaCO<sub>3</sub></span><sub><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></sub></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 72pt; text-indent: 36pt;"> <table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td height="8" width="153"><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td><br />
</td> <td bgcolor="white" height="55" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; vertical-align: top;" width="173"><span style="left: 0pt; position: absolute; z-index: 5;"> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td><div class="shape" style="padding: 3.6pt 7.2pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><u><span style="color: #0f243e; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">(0,7) (0,02) (50) (1000)</span></u></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #0f243e;">100</span></div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></span> </td> </tr>
</tbody></table><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></div><br clear="ALL" /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 72pt; text-indent: 36pt;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">= </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">mg/l CaCO<sub>3</sub></span><sub><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></sub></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> = 14 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">mg/l CaCO<sub>3</sub></span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Total alkalinity </span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> = <span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"><img border="0" height="40" src="file:///C:/Users/HP_Mini/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image020.gif" width="153" /></span> mg/l CaCO<sub>3</sub></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 99pt; text-indent: 9pt;"> <table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td height="8" width="159"><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td><br />
</td> <td bgcolor="white" height="56" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; vertical-align: top;" width="173"><span style="left: 0pt; position: absolute; z-index: 3;"> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td><div class="shape" style="padding: 3.6pt 7.2pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><u><span style="color: #0f243e; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">(1,3) (0,02) (50) (1000)</span></u></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #0f243e;">100</span></div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></span> </td> </tr>
</tbody></table><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></div><br clear="ALL" /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 99pt; text-indent: 9pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">= </span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">mg/l CaCO<sub>3</sub></span><sub><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></sub></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 99pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 99pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 99pt; text-indent: 9pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">= </span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">26</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> mg/l CaCO<sub>3</sub></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kelompok III</span></b><b><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> A</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">PP alkalinity </span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">= <span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"><img border="0" height="40" src="file:///C:/Users/HP_Mini/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image018.gif" width="127" /></span> mg/l CaCO<sub>3</sub></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 72pt; text-indent: 36pt;"> <table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td height="7" width="153"><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td><br />
</td> <td bgcolor="white" height="56" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; vertical-align: top;" width="179"><span style="left: 0pt; position: absolute; z-index: 4;"> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td><div class="shape" style="padding: 3.6pt 7.2pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><u><span style="color: #0f243e; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">(0,95) (0,02) (50) (1000</span></u><u><span style="color: #0f243e;">)</span></u></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #0f243e;">100</span></div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></span> </td> </tr>
</tbody></table><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></div><br clear="ALL" /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 72pt; text-indent: 36pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">= </span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">mg/l CaCO<sub>3</sub></span><sub><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></sub></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 72pt; text-indent: 36pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 72pt; text-indent: 36pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 72pt; text-indent: 36pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">= </span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">9,5</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> mg/l CaCO<sub>3</sub></span><sub><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></sub></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 72pt; text-indent: 36pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Total alkalinity </span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">= <span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"><img border="0" height="40" src="file:///C:/Users/HP_Mini/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image020.gif" width="153" /></span> mg/l CaCO<sub>3</sub></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 18pt;"><span style="height: 51px; left: 0px; margin-left: 153px; margin-top: 11px; position: absolute; width: 173px; z-index: 14;"> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td bgcolor="white" height="51" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; vertical-align: top;" width="173"><span style="left: 0pt; position: absolute; z-index: 14;"> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td><div class="shape" style="padding: 3.6pt 7.2pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><u><span style="color: #0f243e; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">(3,65) (0,02) (50) (1000)</span></u></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #0f243e;">100</span></div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></span> </td> </tr>
</tbody></table></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 18pt;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">= </span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">mg/l CaCO<sub>3</sub></span><sub><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></sub></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 18pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 18pt;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">= </span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">36,5</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> mg/l CaCO<sub>3</sub></span><sub><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></sub></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 18pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 18pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 18pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 18pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 18pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 18pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 18pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"> <table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td height="17" width="689"><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td><br />
</td> <td><img height="48" src="file:///C:/Users/HP_Mini/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image022.gif" width="36" /></td> </tr>
</tbody></table><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></div><br clear="ALL" /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kelompok IV</span></b><b><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> B</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">PP alkalinity </span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">= <span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"><img border="0" height="40" src="file:///C:/Users/HP_Mini/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image018.gif" width="127" /></span> mg/l CaCO<sub>3</sub></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 99pt; text-indent: 9pt;"> <table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td height="10" width="153"><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td><br />
</td> <td bgcolor="white" height="48" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; vertical-align: top;" width="169"><span style="left: 0pt; position: absolute; z-index: 6;"> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td><div class="shape" style="padding: 3.6pt 7.2pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><u><span style="color: #0f243e; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">(7,3) (0,02) (50) (1000)</span></u></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #0f243e;">100</span></div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></span> </td> </tr>
</tbody></table><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></div><br clear="ALL" /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 99pt; text-indent: 9pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">=</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">mg/l CaCO<sub>3</sub></span><sub><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></sub></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 99pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 99pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 99pt; text-indent: 9pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">= </span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">41,1</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> mg/l CaCO<sub>3</sub></span><sub><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></sub></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 99pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Total alkalinity </span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">= <span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"><img border="0" height="40" src="file:///C:/Users/HP_Mini/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image020.gif" width="153" /></span> mg/l CaCO<sub>3</sub></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="height: 53px; margin-left: 153px; margin-top: 8px; position: absolute; width: 179px; z-index: 7;"> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td bgcolor="white" height="53" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; vertical-align: top;" width="179"><span style="position: absolute; z-index: 7;"> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td><div class="shape" style="padding: 3.6pt 7.2pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><u><span style="color: #0f243e; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">(8,2) (0,02) (50) (1000)</span></u></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #0f243e;">50</span></div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></span> </td> </tr>
</tbody></table></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">= </span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">mg/l CaCO<sub>3</sub></span><sub><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></sub></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">= </span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">82 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">mg/l CaCO<sub>3</sub></span><sub><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></sub></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">5.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kelompok V B</span></b><b><sub><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></sub></b></div><div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">PP alkalinity </span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">= </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; position: relative; top: 12pt;"><img border="0" height="40" src="file:///C:/Users/HP_Mini/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image018.gif" width="127" /></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> mg/l CaCO<sub>3</sub></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 99pt;"> <table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td height="12" width="153"><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td><br />
</td> <td bgcolor="white" height="48" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; vertical-align: top;" width="169"><span style="left: 0pt; position: absolute; z-index: 8;"> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td><div class="shape" style="padding: 3.6pt 7.2pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><u><span style="color: #0f243e; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">(5) (0,02) (50) (1000)</span></u></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #0f243e;">100</span></div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></span> </td> </tr>
</tbody></table><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></div><br clear="ALL" /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 99pt; text-indent: 9pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">=</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">mg/l CaCO<sub>3</sub></span><sub><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></sub></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 99pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 99pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 99pt; text-indent: 9pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">= </span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">50</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> mg/l CaCO<sub>3</sub></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Total alkalinity </span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">= <span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"><img border="0" height="40" src="file:///C:/Users/HP_Mini/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image020.gif" width="153" /></span> mg/l CaCO<sub>3</sub></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 99pt;"> <table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td height="10" width="153"><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td><br />
</td> <td bgcolor="white" height="52" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; vertical-align: top;" width="162"><span style="left: 0pt; position: absolute; z-index: 9;"> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td><div class="shape" style="padding: 3.6pt 7.2pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><u><span style="color: #0f243e; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">(8) (0,02) (50) (1000)</span></u></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #0f243e;">100</span></div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></span> </td> </tr>
</tbody></table><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></div><br clear="ALL" /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 99pt; text-indent: 9pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">=</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">mg/l CaCO<sub>3</sub></span><sub><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></sub></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 99pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 99pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 99pt; text-indent: 9pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">= </span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">80 </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">mg/l CaCO<sub>3</sub></span><sub><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></sub></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 99pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 99pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 99pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 99pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 99pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 99pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 99pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><b><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">6.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></b><b><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kelompok VI A</span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 21.3pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">PP alkalinity </span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">= </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; position: relative; top: 12pt;"><img border="0" height="40" src="file:///C:/Users/HP_Mini/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image018.gif" width="127" /></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> mg/l CaCO<sub>3</sub></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 99pt;"> <table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td height="8" width="153"><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td><br />
</td> <td bgcolor="white" height="48" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; vertical-align: top;" width="169"><span style="left: 0pt; position: absolute; z-index: 15;"> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td><div class="shape" style="padding: 3.6pt 7.2pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><u><span style="color: #0f243e; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">(0,7) (0,02) (50) (1000)</span></u></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #0f243e;">100</span></div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></span> </td> </tr>
</tbody></table><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></div><br clear="ALL" /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 99pt; text-indent: 9pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">=</span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">mg/l CaCO<sub>3</sub></span><sub><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></sub></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 99pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 99pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 99pt; text-indent: 9pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">= </span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">17</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> mg/l CaCO<sub>3</sub></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Total alkalinity </span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">= <span style="position: relative; top: 12pt;"><img border="0" height="40" src="file:///C:/Users/HP_Mini/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image020.gif" width="153" /></span> mg/l CaCO<sub>3</sub></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 99.25pt;"> <table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td height="15" width="153"><br />
</td> </tr>
<tr> <td><br />
</td> <td bgcolor="white" height="53" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; vertical-align: top;" width="173"><span style="left: 0pt; position: absolute; z-index: 16;"> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"><tbody>
<tr> <td><div class="shape" style="padding: 3.6pt 7.2pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><u><span style="color: #0f243e; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">(1,25) (0,02) (50) (1000)</span></u></div><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: #0f243e;">100</span></div></div></td> </tr>
</tbody></table></span> </td> </tr>
</tbody></table><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span></div><br clear="ALL" /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 99.25pt;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">=</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> mg/l CaCO<sub>3</sub></span><sub><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></sub></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 99pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 99pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 99pt; text-indent: 9pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">= </span><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">25</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> mg/l CaCO<sub>3</sub></span><sub><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"></span></sub></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div>Mr. Ghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05376997353450643915noreply@blogger.com0